GRE 指南/雜項文章
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GRE 偶爾也會包含一些更不尋常的話題。
By the late 1800s, the concept of a “corporation” - a legal entity separate and distinct from its stockholders - was firmly entrenched in Anglo-American law. 5 However, its use and creation had a remarkably different context. The first corporations had been royal “charters” of the British Crown, such as the British East India Company or the Hudson's Bay 10 Company, and were used to exploit exclusive territorial and trading rights secured through English global imperialism. This model, while highly effective for managing global trade, was far less 15 applicable in the United States, which for the brunt of the 1800s was focused on pushing westward within its own borders. Accordingly, the “charter” - which typically would require a 20 government enactment - was of little help. Instead, various states, beginning with New Jersey, began a new trend of the “enabling” corporate statute, under which any citizen could create a corporation to 25 manage private business affairs. By the 20th century, most states of the United States as well as nations worldwide had created some type of “enabling” statute, allowing private individuals to form 30 corporations to manage their mutual assets.
1. 公司是如何起源的？
2. 美國法律允許的公司（最初在 新澤西州成立）與英國人使用的原始公司有何不同？
3. 英國和美國之間的哪些差異導致了公司性質的這種差異和變化？
1. 根據文章，公司最初是由英國皇室頒發的特許狀，用於管理世界各地的經濟事務。這在第 6-12 行有解釋，並給出了哈德遜灣公司和英國東印度公司的例子。
2. 新澤西州的法律允許個人自願成立公司，而不是由政府法令成立。因此，在這方面與傳統的英國法律有所不同。
3. 正如第 13-20 行所解釋的那樣，美國經濟的擴張主要是國內的，因此英國模式對美國人來說幾乎沒有用，他們希望有商業實體來管理國內事務。因此，在美國法律下發展起來的公司是私人個人可以在州的許可和保護下組建的企業，用來管理他們的事務。