聖經研究/新約註釋/馬太福音/第 23 章
馬太福音第 23 章是一個臭名昭著的章節,通常被稱為七個禍患,其中耶穌批評了律法教師和法利賽人(基本上是猶太教的領導人)。在本節中,我們看到耶穌的態度與他通常表現出來的態度大不相同。在本節中,耶穌公開批評法利賽人,似乎表現出某種憤怒的情緒。
{馬太福音 23 章的概述和背景}
This chapter in Matthew is the beginning of what is known as the "Judgment Discourse" in which Jesus gives a speech that stretches through Matthew 25:46. During this chapter, Jesus is believed to be in the Temple, where he has been since Matthew 21:23, and will stay until Matthew 24:1. Throughout this chapter, Jesus is talking to the crowds and his disciples, not actually to the Pharisees and teachers of the law themselves.
Here in the Temple, in chapter 23, we find Jesus challenging the actions Pharisees and the religious leaders. In verse one, we find Jesus speaking “to the crowds and to his disciples.” Jesus is issuing a warning to the people about the “teachers of the law and the Pharisees.” In verses two and three He tells the people to obey these leaders in what they say, because they “sit upon the seat of Moses.”
Here it seems that Jesus is actually accrediting their ability to teach and interpret the Law, and says that the people are to listen to them in this regard. Immediately after this though, Jesus starts in his criticism of the teachers and Pharisees by telling the people not to do as they do, for they are hypocrites. Jesus is basically saying that what they say is good (it is the law of Moses), but they do not do as they say, instead “they tie up heavy loads and put them on men's shoulders, but they themselves are not willing to lift a finger to move them” (v4). That is to say they hold others extremely accountable to the Law, but they themselves to not hold to it nor help others out.
Jesus accuses the Pharisees of doing things in a greedy manner in order to be seen and revered, from the way they dress to the seats they choose at banquets and in the synagogue. It seems that these men also love to be called “Rabbi”, and at this Jesus tells the people and his disciples not to call anyone “Rabbi”, “father”, or “teacher”, for they are all equal like brothers with only one Master, only one Father who is God, and only one Teacher who is Christ. Jesus, in verse 12, then says the well known line, “whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted.”
All of this now leads to the beginning of “The Seven Woes,” in which Jesus begins to list the misdeeds of the Pharisee, and which starts in verse 13 with the first of the seven. In each of these “woes,” Jesus charges the teachers and the Pharisees with a different wrong doing. All of these begin with Jesus stating “"Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites!”, with the exception of the third woe which begins, “Woe to you, blind guides!” The literary form of this section of the chapter is known as apostrophe (addressing somebody who is not actually present).
Following the seven woes, Jesus then laments Jerusalem in verses 37-39. These words include Jesus telling the people how their sins fit hand in hand with the destruction of the Temple. This is referred to in verse 38 when he says "Look, your house is left to you desolate". In verse 39, he says "you will not see me again until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.’” This comes from the fact that the people of Israel were about to reject Jesus as the Messiah and sentence him to crucifixion.
第 1-4 節
1耶穌對群眾和他的門徒說:2“律法教師和法利賽人坐在摩西的座位上。3所以你們要服從他們,做他們告訴你們的一切。但不要做他們所做的,因為他們不實踐他們所宣講的。4他們捆綁沉重的擔子,放在人的肩上,而他們自己卻不願意動一根手指去搬動它們。
在馬太福音第 23 章的第一節經文中,耶穌正在對群眾和門徒說話(注意他不是直接對法利賽人和領導人說話)。耶穌指出他們“坐在摩西的座位上”,這象徵著拉比教授的權威。在第 3 節中,耶穌似乎希望人們認識到他們的權威,並“服從他們,做他們告訴你們的一切”,但他警告他們不要做他們所做的。在這裡,耶穌承認領導人有權解釋摩西律法,但領導人所樹立的榜樣並沒有遵循他們的教導。在第 4 節中,耶穌談論了領導人是如何“捆綁沉重的擔子,放在人的肩上,而他們自己卻不願意動一根手指去搬動它們”。這是在處理領導人如何拒絕幫助那些被他們強加的規則壓得喘不過氣的人。重要的是要認識到,耶穌並不是說領導人自己沒有遵守規則,而是說他們拒絕幫助那些被這些規則壓得喘不過氣的人。這種行為方式與耶穌在馬太福音 11:28-30 中所表達的觀點相矛盾,該經文寫道:“28凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。29我心裡柔和謙卑,你們當負我的軛,學我的樣式,這樣,你們心裡就必得享安息。30因為我的軛是容易的,我的擔子是輕省的。”
第 5-7 節
5“他們所做的一切都是為了讓人看到:他們把他們的經文盒做得很寬,把他們衣服上的流蘇做得很長;6他們喜歡在宴會上的尊貴位置,喜歡在會堂裡的首座;7他們喜歡在市場上被人問候,喜歡被人稱為‘拉比’。”
在第 5 節中,耶穌說法利賽人和領導人做事是為了讓其他人看到他們,也就是說他們試圖從其他人那裡獲得讚揚。經文中說“他們把他們的經文盒做得很寬,把他們衣服上的流蘇做得很長”。經文盒是裝有寫著經文的小紙條的小箱子或盒子。使用的經文包括出埃及記 13:3-10, 11-16(作為對以色列人從埃及得救和逾越節開始的紀念)、申命記 6:4-9 和申命記 11:13-21。這些經文盒用帶子系在額頭和左臂上,作為提醒人們遵守神的律法。法利賽人和領導人透過加寬這些帶子和衣服上的流蘇,讓自己脫穎而出,看起來他們非常遵守律法,是虔誠的人。在第 6 節中,耶穌說他們喜歡尊貴的位置和首座,這些都是榮譽的位置,也是所有人都能看到他們的地方。正如第 7 節所說,他們喜歡被人問候,喜歡被人稱為“拉比”,在希伯來語中意思是“我的主”。法利賽人和領導人在他們去過的任何地方都要求尊重,認為自己是有聲望的人。
第 8-12 節
8“但你們不可被稱為‘拉比’,因為你們只有一位師父,你們都是弟兄。9也不要在地上稱呼任何人為‘父親’,因為你們只有一位父親,他在天上。10也不要被稱為‘老師’,因為你們只有一位老師,就是基督。11你們中間最大的要作你們的僕人。12因為凡自高的,必降為卑;凡自卑的,必升為高。”
在第 8-11 節中,我們發現耶穌說,法利賽人和律法教師試圖透過將“拉比”作為頭銜來獲得榮譽是錯誤的。他禁止使用“拉比”這個詞來稱呼領導人,因為只有一位“師父”(或主),而“你們都是弟兄”,這意味著他們都是平等的。“父親”這個詞有時也被用來認可律法教師,也不應該使用,因為只有一位“父親”(上帝),以及“老師”這個詞,因為基督是唯一真正的老師。
第 13-32 節:七個禍患
第一個禍患(第 13 節):耶穌告訴教師和法利賽人,他們“把天國的門關在人面前。”
在這裡,“天國”通常被認為是基督的福音和耶穌的教導。法利賽人不僅不接受這一點,而且還阻止人們獲得這種知識。猶太教領導人的傳統律法與耶穌帶來的運動之間存在衝突。
第二個禍患(第 15 節):“你們走遍海陸,要得一個人作門徒;既得了他,你們倒使他比你們加倍成為地獄之子。”
第 15 節指的是法利賽人如何努力贏得外邦人的皈依,並將他們變成歸化猶太人。歸化猶太人是來自異教的皈依者,他們對律法非常熱心。法利賽人贏得的這些皈依者被稱為地獄之子,因為他們對那些對律法不太關注的耶穌的追隨者懷有敵意。
第三個禍患(第 16-22 節):對瞎眼的領袖說:“你們說,‘人若指著殿起誓,就算不得什麼;人若指著殿裡的金子起誓,他就要遵守誓言。’17你們這瞎眼的人哪!金子重要呢?還是使金子成為聖的殿重要呢?18你們又說,‘人若指著祭壇起誓,就算不得什麼;人若指著壇上的供物起誓,他就要遵守誓言。’19你們這瞎眼的人哪!供物重要呢?還是使供物成為聖的祭壇重要呢?20所以,指著壇起誓的人,就是指著壇和壇上的物件起誓。21指著殿起誓的人,就是指著殿和住在殿裡的那一位起誓。22指著天起誓的人,就是指著神的寶座和坐在寶座上的那位起誓。”
在馬太福音第 23 章的第三個禍患中,耶穌指的是法利賽人所強制執行的關於誓言和誓約的案例法。這些規則,包括避免對聖物起誓,因為這與直接對上帝起誓一樣具有約束力,是法利賽人為了確保人們正確遵守律法而做出的努力。
第四個禍患(第 23-24 節):“你們把薄荷、茴香、芹菜,都獻上十分之一;但律法上更重要的公義、憐憫、信實,你們反倒忽略了。這些事你們本該行,那事也不可廢掉。24你們這瞎眼的領袖!你們蠓蟲就濾出來,駱駝卻吞下去。”
在這個禍患中,耶穌解釋了教師和法利賽人是如何試圖透過繳納香料的十分之一來讓自己看起來很好,這超出了律法對他們的要求,但他們忽略了真正重要的東西,比如公正地對待他人、憐憫和忠誠。他們繳納了超過要求的十分之一,是為了讓自己看起來很好。第 24 節提到了過濾蠓蟲,這是一種用來淨化飲料的做法。在這裡,耶穌說法利賽人擔心一些小事,卻忽略了重要的事情(吞下駱駝)。
第五個禍患(第 25-26 節):“你們把杯盤洗淨外表,裡面卻裝滿了貪婪和放縱。26你這瞎眼的法利賽人!先洗淨杯盤的裡面,然後外面也就乾淨了。”
在這裡我們看到了一個簡單的案例,儘管領導者在外表上看起來公義和潔淨,但他們在內心卻貪婪和腐敗。耶穌告訴他們,先打掃裡面,外面就會跟著乾淨。
第六個災禍(27-28節):“你們如同粉飾的墳墓,外表好看,裡面卻充滿了死人的骨頭和一切汙穢的東西。28你們也這樣,在人前顯出自己是義人,內心卻充滿了假冒為善和邪惡。”
在這個第六個災禍中,耶穌強調的點與第五個災禍相同,即文士和法利賽人的外表給人一種正義的印象,但他們的內心卻充滿了邪惡。在那個時代,人們會將墳墓粉刷成白色,使其更容易辨認,以便人們避開它們,因為與死者接觸被認為是不潔淨的。
第七個災禍(29-32節):“你們為先知建造墳墓,修飾義人的墓穴。30你們說:‘如果我們生活在我們祖先的日子,我們不會與他們一起參與殺害先知。’31所以,你們自己作證,你們是那些殺害先知的人的後代。32所以,你們就將你們祖先的罪惡加滿吧!”
在這個第七個也是最後一個災禍中,耶穌提到了以色列人拒絕上帝派給他們先知的事情,傳統認為這些先知被謀殺了。法利賽人試圖為他們祖先的罪過贖罪,他們建造紀念碑來紀念先知,並聲稱他們不會像他們的祖先那樣參與殺害先知。然而,耶穌似乎在告訴他們,他們實際上和他們的祖先一樣。
耶路撒冷的哀歌(33-39節):33“你們這些蛇,你們這些毒蛇的子孫!你們要怎樣逃脫地獄的刑罰呢?34所以我差遣先知、智者和教師到你們那裡去,你們要殺害他們,釘死他們,要鞭打他們在你們的會堂裡,要追趕他們在城裡和鄉間。35所以,從義人亞伯的血,到你們在聖殿和祭壇之間殺害的祭司撒迦利亞的兒子巴勒夏的兒子撒迦利亞的血,地上所有義人的血都要歸到你們身上。36我實在告訴你們,這一切都要臨到這一代。”
37“耶路撒冷啊,耶路撒冷啊,你殺害先知,用石頭打那些奉差遣到你那裡的人,我多少次想要聚集你的兒女,如同母雞把小雞聚集在翅膀下,但你們不願意。38看哪,你們的房子要成為荒場。39因為我告訴你們,你們不會再見到我,直到你們說:‘奉主名而來的是應當稱頌的。’
在本節的最後,耶穌哀嘆耶路撒冷和她的子民。耶穌說,他派先知、智者和教師到他們那裡,許多人認為這是指他自己和他的門徒,他們帶來了耶穌的資訊。毫無疑問,這些人會受到許多人的迫害,福音也會被人們拒絕,正如法利賽人拒絕福音一樣。由於以色列人會拒絕耶穌及其教導,他們的“房子”(被認為是聖殿)將會成為荒場。為了結束本章,耶穌說:“你們不會再見到我,直到你們說:‘奉主名而來的是應當稱頌的。’" 這很有可能指的是耶穌的第二次降臨,屆時那些拒絕耶穌的人會說出這句話,不是出於喜悅,而是出於恐懼,因為他們知道他們將要面對審判。
{詞彙解釋}
法利賽人
The Pharisees were people from a religious group called Chasidim, which was brought about after the resettling of Jewish people in Judea after Babylonian captivity. The Chasidim followed the Law of Moses, as well as added traditions and observerances to be followed. The Pharisees were the main religious sect in the time of Jesus, and Pharisees thought of themselves as holier than the common people.
經文盒
Phylacteries were boxes that contained parchment on which parts of the Law were written. These boxes were attached to the forehead and left arm (because it is near the heart) and served as reminders to Jews to keep the Law.
{結語}
It is easy to read Matthew 23 and think that it cannot apply in our lives today.
Jesus’ speech took place in a culture much different than ours, and today we do not have the Law, or religious leaders such as the Pharisees.
It is important to realize the implications this chapter in Matthew can have for our lives though.
For Christian people, it is important that they do not view themselves as better than and deserving of praise from other people.
Christians should be careful not to boast and they should not believe that they are better humans than the non-believers.
Oftentimes people in the church and leaders in the church act like they are on pedestals and act very selfishly.
Remember, “whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted."
So in all actuality, this verse is a very good reminder that we should be humble and follow the example of Jesus Christ.