認知科學:入門/成人認知訓練
透過訓練提高成年人認知能力的方法越來越受到研究。直到最近,人們認為人類在年輕成年期達到認知巔峰,之後很難再提高。新發現表明,透過訓練,即使在成年後也能實現顯著的認知提升。[1]
認知訓練得益於神經發生領域的研究。認知訓練通常涉及練習一項或多項認知任務。與典型練習不同的是,認知訓練旨在提高不同可轉移任務的能力。[2] 認知遷移是指將知識、技能和實踐應用於各種情況和環境的能力。認知訓練形式會導致目標能力或能力的提高。這種改進也與大腦的功能和結構變化相關,例如前額葉-頂葉網路的連通性。[3] 然而,這種行為是否能帶來超出訓練能力範圍的實質性改進仍然是一個討論的話題。早期的遷移發現[4] 在幾項其他研究中沒有得到複製[5],導致人們對該理論的有效性產生了一定程度的懷疑。[6] 在這種情況下,最近的研究強調了需要理解這種不一致的潛在機制,以提供更好、更強大的干預措施。[7][8]
具身視角可以幫助理解成人認知訓練。具身認知可以被描述為一種對認知的觀點,它深深植根於身體的物理特徵。[9] 具身認知的研究探索了除了大腦以外的人體其他方面如何在認知過程中發揮重要作用。這種觀點擴充套件了認知科學的傳統觀點,即人類認知是一個內部有限的系統。
具身認知的研究可能研究運動過程之間的相互關係,[10] 空間能力,[11] 工作記憶,[12] 語言,[13] 問題解決,[14] 和推理。[15] 支援證據來自運動技能研究,其中發現專家在感知、工作記憶容量、注意力、長期記憶和決策方面的評估中表現高於平均水平。[16][17][18]
已經記錄了各種方法,包括簡單的身體鍛鍊、純粹的認知訓練以及各種混合形式的訓練。各種認知訓練研究證實,複雜形式的體育鍛煉優於更貧乏的鍛鍊方式。例如,摔跤涉及複雜、不尋常的運動協調,與跑步(一種高度自動化的活動)相比,似乎在空間能力和工作記憶容量的測量方面帶來了更大的改進。[19] 證據還表明,舞蹈可能特別適合認知訓練設計。[20] 此外,雜耍已被證明能提高心理影像旋轉表現,[21] 與練習涉及複雜運動協調的樂器一樣。[22]
- ↑ Salthouse, T. A., & Davis, H. P. (2006). Organization of cognitive abilities and neuropsychological variables across the lifespan. Developmental Review, 26(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2005.09.001
- ↑ Ericsson, K., Krampe, R., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363
- ↑ Caeyenberghs, K., Metzler-Baddeley, C., Foley, S., & Jones, D. K. (2016). Dynamics of the Human Structural Connection Underlying Working Memory Training. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(14), 4056–4066. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1973-15.2016
- ↑ Au, J., Sheehan, E., Tsai, N., Duncan, G. J., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. (2014). Improving Fluid Intelligence With Training on Working Memory: A Meta-Analysis. PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi: 10.1037/e524912015-029
- ↑ Redick, T., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T., Hicks, K., Fried, D., Hambrick, D., … Engle, R. (2013). No evidence of intelligence improvement after working memory training: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 359–379. doi: 10.1037/a0029082
- ↑ Moreau, D., & Conway, A. (2014). The case for an ecological approach to cognitive training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 334–336. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.009
- ↑ Redick, T., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T., Hicks, K., Fried, D., Hambrick, D., … Engle, R. (2013). No evidence of intelligence improvement after working memory training: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 359–379. doi: 10.1037/a0029082
- ↑ Moreau, E., & Mageau, G. (2011). The importance of perceived autonomy support for the psychological health and work satisfaction of health professionals: Not only supervisors count, colleagues too! Motivation and Emotion, 36(3), 268–286. doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9250-9
- ↑ Wilson, R. A., & Foglia, L. (2015). Embodied Cognition. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/embodied-cognition/
- ↑ Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2010). Differences in Spatial Working Memory as a Function of Team Sports Expertise: The Corsi Block-Tapping Task in Sport Psychological Assessment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(3), 801–808. doi: 10.2466/pms.110.3.801-808
- ↑ Pfister, R., Janczyk, M., & Kunde, W. (2013). Editorial: Action effects in perception and action. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00223
- ↑ Moreau, D. (2013). Motor expertise modulates movement processing in working memory. Acta Psychologica, 142(3), 356–361. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.011
- ↑ Beilock, S., Lyons, I., Mattarella-Micke, A., Nusbaum, H., & Small, S. (2008). Sports experience changes the neural processing of action language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36), 13269–13273. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803424105
- ↑ Broaders, S., Cook, S., Mitchell, Z., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2007). Making children gesture brings out implicit knowledge and leads to learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 539–550. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.539
- ↑ Beilock, S., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2009). Gesture changes thought by grounding it in action. PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi: 10.1037/e520562012-295
- ↑ Dijkstra, K., Macmahon, C., & Misirlisoy, M. (2008). 高爾夫專業知識和呈現方式對高爾夫和日常物品記憶的影響。心理行為學報,128(2), 298–303. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.001
- ↑ Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2010). 團隊運動專業知識對空間工作記憶的影響差異:運動心理學評估中的科西積木敲擊任務。知覺與運動技能,110(3), 801–808. doi: 10.2466/pms.110.3.801-808
- ↑ Raab, M., & Johnson, J. (2007). 基於專業知識的搜尋和選項生成策略差異。實驗心理學雜誌:應用,13(3), 158–170. doi: 10.1037/1076-898x.13.3.158
- ↑ Moreau, D., & Conway, A. (2014). 認知訓練的生態學方法的論證。認知科學趨勢,18(7), 334–336. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.009
- ↑ Bläsing, B., Calvo-Merino, B., Cross, E. S., Jola, C., Honisch, J., & Stevens, C. J. (2012). 舞蹈感知和表演中的神經認知控制。心理行為學報,139(2), 300–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.005
- ↑ Jansen, P., Lehmann, J., & Doren, J. V. (2012). 男性足球運動員的心理旋轉表現。PLoS ONE,7(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048620
- ↑ Pietsch, S., & Jansen, P. (2012). 音樂、體育和教育學生的心理旋轉表現差異。學習與個體差異,22(1), 159–163. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.11.012