情境認知

情境認知認為，認知過程深受情境以及使用認知過程的物理和文化環境的影響。^[1] 從這個意義上說，情境知識源於知識發展和應用的文化活動。^[2]^[3]

情境學習不是將知識視為對事實單元的累積，而是將其視為跨情境績效的提升。與這種認知和知識觀相關的概念是“認知學徒制”。這個概念認為，最佳學習是透過指導的方式進行的，這種方式將知識導向可應用的情境。^[4] 許多人認為，這是人類進化的主要學習方法，即透過直接個人指導進行文化傳播。^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

與具身認知的關係

情境化的認知過程對情境敏感，隨時間而變化，以行動為導向，並且是具身的。認知過程的有效性在很大程度上取決於個人與其情境、物理和社會環境的互動程度。^[9] 這種觀點與具身認知的觀點密切相關，具身認知認為認知的某些方面與大腦外部的屬性相互關聯。這些過程被恰當地理解為參與了在情境、物理和/或文化上都具有位置的物理或心理任務。^[10]^[11]

具身的人類和動物認知與環境的反饋保持一致，以響應他們追求目標的環境。^[12] Shattuck 和 Miller（2006）寫道：“感知-運動反饋過程有效地將動物認知與環境和行為聯絡起來，而基於邏輯（描述性）推理的機制無法捕捉到這一點。”這種觀點認為，學習和專業知識只有在被視為在特定環境中熟練運用知識時才有意義。^[13]

參考資料

↑ Norman, D. A. (1993). Cognition in the head and in the world: An introduction to the special issue on situated action. Cognitive science, 17(1), 1-6.
↑ Schumacher, D. J., Englander, R., & Carraccio, C. (2013). Developing the master learner: applying learning theory to the learner, the teacher, and the learning environment. Academic Medicine, 88(11), 1635-1645
↑ Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32–42
↑ Collins, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship and instructional technology. Educational values and cognitive instruction: Implications for reform, 1991, 121-138
↑ Sterelny, K. (2012). The evolved apprentice. MIT press.
↑ Sutton, J. (2013). Skill and collaboration in the evolution of human cognition. Biological Theory, 8(1), 28-36
↑ Markussen Linnet, K., Bols Andersen, L., & Balslev, T. (2012). Cognitive apprenticeship learning in paediatric clinical settings. The Open Medical Education Journal, 5(1)
↑ Parker, S. T., & McKinney, M. L. (2012). Origins of intelligence: The evolution of cognitive development in monkeys, apes, and humans. JHU Press.
↑ Larkin, M., Eatough, V., & Osborn, M. (2011). Interpretative phenomenological analysis and embodied, active, situated cognition. Theory & Psychology, 21(3), 318–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354310377544
↑ Clark, A. (2017). Embodied, situated, and distributed cognition. A companion to cognitive science, 506-517.
↑ Oyserman, D. (2011). Culture as situated cognition: Cultural mindsets, cultural fluency, and meaning making. European review of social psychology, 22(1), 164-214
↑ Pritchard, D. J. (2018). Situated cognition and the function of behavior. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews
↑ Shattuck, L. G., & Miller, N. L. (2006). Extending Naturalistic Decision Making to Complex Organizations: A Dynamic Model of Situated Cognition. Organization Studies, 27(7), 989-1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606065706

[1] Norman, D. A. (1993). Cognition in the head and in the world: An introduction to the special issue on situated action. Cognitive science, 17(1), 1-6.

[2] Schumacher, D. J., Englander, R., & Carraccio, C. (2013). Developing the master learner: applying learning theory to the learner, the teacher, and the learning environment. Academic Medicine, 88(11), 1635-1645

[3] Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32–42

[4] Collins, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship and instructional technology. Educational values and cognitive instruction: Implications for reform, 1991, 121-138

[5] Sterelny, K. (2012). The evolved apprentice. MIT press.

[6] Sutton, J. (2013). Skill and collaboration in the evolution of human cognition. Biological Theory, 8(1), 28-36

[7] Markussen Linnet, K., Bols Andersen, L., & Balslev, T. (2012). Cognitive apprenticeship learning in paediatric clinical settings. The Open Medical Education Journal, 5(1)

[8] Parker, S. T., & McKinney, M. L. (2012). Origins of intelligence: The evolution of cognitive development in monkeys, apes, and humans. JHU Press.

[9] Larkin, M., Eatough, V., & Osborn, M. (2011). Interpretative phenomenological analysis and embodied, active, situated cognition. Theory & Psychology, 21(3), 318–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354310377544

[10] Clark, A. (2017). Embodied, situated, and distributed cognition. A companion to cognitive science, 506-517.

[11] Oyserman, D. (2011). Culture as situated cognition: Cultural mindsets, cultural fluency, and meaning making. European review of social psychology, 22(1), 164-214

[12] Pritchard, D. J. (2018). Situated cognition and the function of behavior. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews

[13] Shattuck, L. G., & Miller, N. L. (2006). Extending Naturalistic Decision Making to Complex Organizations: A Dynamic Model of Situated Cognition. Organization Studies, 27(7), 989-1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606065706