西方戲劇史:17世紀至今/18世紀後期英國

18世紀後期英國喜劇的主要人物之一是愛爾蘭劇作家理查德·布林斯利·謝里丹(1751-1816),他創作了“競爭對手”(1775年)和“醜聞學校”(1777年)。
“《對手》‘仍然依賴於拉丁和法國喜劇的典型人物:暴躁的家長、叛逆且戀愛中的兒子、為主人和女主人陰謀服務的僕人,但他並沒有以舊的方式讓他們彼此對抗。他讓他們以相反的方式為同一個目標而努力,並讓觀眾看著他們無意中挫敗了自己的計劃,背叛了自己的自負和做作,直到結局滿足了他們的錯綜複雜的目的,並將他們恢復到他們正常的自我控制狀態”(Routh,1955 年,第 376 頁)。“我們很大一部分的滿足感來自於我們開始關心的角色之間關係的成功解決。我們對這種結局的快樂也來自於對那些應該被欺騙或揭露的角色施加的令人滿意且溫和的喜劇懲罰,這不僅是因為他們的弱點和怪癖,還因為他們阻礙了我們同情的人物。但從《對手》文字的考察中可以清楚地看出,角色弱點和怪癖的區域性暴露本身,而不僅僅是它們對行動程序的影響,構成了我們快樂的主要來源。我們最享受的是鮑勃·艾克斯無意中讓福克蘭感到不安,然後同樣無意中展示了自己的做作;馬拉普夫人討論‘正統’,而安東尼爵士則建議將莉迪亞監禁和餓死;傑克操縱他的父親、福克蘭、鮑勃、馬拉普夫人和莉迪亞,然後自己被揭露;盧修斯爵士向鮑勃建議挑戰和決鬥;鮑勃感到自己的勇氣上升,然後在他的手掌上消失殆盡;甚至福克蘭也表現出他痛苦的自我懷疑:這些本身,而不僅僅是它們結合起來形成行動的方式,給了我們最大的滿足”(Auburn,1975 年,第 257 頁)。《對手》是一部多麼令人讚歎的戲劇啊!它像法夸爾的戲劇一樣簡單,但情節足夠複雜,而且幽默事件層出不窮。它自然而然地逐漸發展;謝里丹幸運地沒有被限制在阻礙現代劇作家努力的兩三個固定的場景中,他可以介紹盧修斯爵士和露西之間的對話,而不必違反可能性地將這對夫婦強行拉到馬拉普夫人的客廳或鮑勃·艾克斯的住所。唯一突兀的地方是絕對上尉和盧修斯·奧特里格爵士之間爭吵的引入。它是由盧修斯爵士幫助艾克斯起草挑戰書的場景中的一句評論引發的,我們不清楚盧修斯爵士是如何得知絕對上尉,即絕對,是莉迪亞·朗吉什的求婚者的……瑕疵確實微不足道,在與真正令人愉快的馬拉普夫人、絕對上尉和莉迪亞·朗吉什之間的(3:3)場景的獨創性相比較時,在批評的天平上幾乎沒有分量。在那場戲中,上尉兩次瀕臨暴露,並且第一次靠他自己的伶牙俐齒,第二次靠莉迪亞無意中使用模稜兩可的短語而得以脫險,而這些短語又如此容易地引入,以至於對話不會讓你覺得有任何程度的牽強。有人曾說,福克蘭和茱莉亞的愛情與情節的主要發展關係不大。但兩對戀人是規定的數量,而且在他們走到一起之前,福克蘭和茱莉亞都相當不錯。事實上,在與絕對上尉的場景中,福克蘭多愁善感和多疑的性格與上尉隨和自信的性格形成了鮮明的對比……安東尼爵士是一個完全令人愉快的角色,比喜劇中普通的好脾氣父親高出許多。‘該死,我再也不叫你傑克了’這句話非常棒,但他想象絕對上尉對莉迪亞·朗吉什過於放肆時的那種喜悅更棒:‘來吧,別找藉口了,傑克;你的父親,你這小子,在你之前就是這樣——艾布索盧特的血統總是急躁的’(Sanders,1890 年,第 34-41 頁)。“福克蘭和茱莉亞是真正讓人猶豫的角色。毫無疑問,謝里丹觸碰到了真正敏感的神經。福克蘭的疑慮、恐懼和憂鬱非常令人討厭,人們不禁想知道茱莉亞為什麼沒有早點把他打發走。但她在內心深處愛著他,而這種愛可能告訴她,他的疑慮並非完全不值得或不合理,他非常渴望只擁有真摯的情感,而她對他有義務的事實是他心中的刺。畢竟,他只是想確信自己是被僅僅為了他自己而愛的,或者也許最好說,儘管他自己如此”(Armstrong,1913 年,第 154 頁)。“福克蘭的角色更難把握。他通常被認為是對拜倫式的自我折磨的浪漫自私的乏味諷刺,但他的基礎在心理學上是足夠真實的(他在複雜性上並非沒有現代原型),而謝里丹非常敏銳地洞察了這種痴迷給他人帶來的痛苦。這幅肖像可能會令人不安,它需要一位優秀的演員才能將其保持在作者或許有點諷刺地想要達到的高階喜劇水平上”(Williamson,1956 年,第 156 頁)。“無論如何說她的前輩,馬拉普夫人都是語病女王,從未被時間所取代。她的家譜很長,而且家族從莎士比亞的警官多格伯裡和弗吉斯以及波頓的一兩句話,到孔格里夫的《雙重交易商》中的普萊恩特夫人,有著許多旁支”(Sichel,1909 年,第 1 卷,第 491 頁)。馬拉普夫人“對自己的重要性和魅力有愚蠢的想法,而且非常容易受奉承。她渴望一個情人是荒謬的;她給盧修斯爵士寫信,並署名戴麗婭,堅信自己是一個有魅力的人。她也以另一種方式表現出她缺乏洞察力;她非常肯定露西是一個‘傻瓜’(第一幕第二場),而且她花了很長時間才‘在新的光線下’明白,一定是絕對上尉寫了關於她的那些粗魯的評論,她已經讓他讀過了(第四幕第二場)。儘管如此,她並沒有惡意;她原諒了艾布索盧特(第四幕第二場),而且她顯然永遠不會同意安東尼爵士將莉迪亞‘鎖起來’的建議(第一幕第二場)。當她聽到決鬥的可能性時,她非常擔心。‘他們是否把可憐的親愛的盧修斯爵士也捲入了這場糾紛?’她問道(第五幕第一場),並立即準備衝過去拯救局勢……傑克·艾布索盧特是一個熱心腸的年輕人,喜歡開玩笑和玩一點陰謀。他顯然是一個好主人;法格似乎對他忠心耿耿,並效仿上尉的行為。他並非沒有世俗智慧;他確實希望贏得莉迪亞,但並非沒有她的全部財產……鮑勃·艾克斯是一個典型的舞臺人物,是來到城裡的鄉下土包子。莉迪亞永遠無法忍受他的鄉下服裝,但在巴斯,他正陶醉於擺脫母親控制的自由之中……他喜歡他的城裡衣服……學習最新的舞蹈……鮑勃是一個簡單的靈魂,沒有自己的想法。他很容易受到暗示,先是受到盧修斯·奧特里格爵士的挑唆去戰鬥,然後受到戴維的警告,如果他真的去戰鬥的話會很危險……[福克蘭]的嫉妒天性讓他感到煩惱,因為茱莉亞正在度假享受自己,當她似乎不開心時,他也感到不安,所以他無論如何都感到不安。他責怪所有女性給他帶來的麻煩,而不是他自己疑神疑鬼……傑克·艾布索盧特對他憂鬱的懷疑的斥責非常有道理”(Evans,1936 年,第 20-24 頁)。“我無法想象比《對手》中艾克斯手持兩支手槍等待他挑戰的人的那個場景更幽默的場景了;作者在挑戰者和他的助手之間的對話充滿了精緻的幽默,但它被[演員]班尼斯特精湛的旁白加倍增強了,當戰鬥時間臨近時,他開始表現出個人恐懼的症狀,逐漸失去他聲音中做作的勇敢,先是手和膝蓋顫抖,然後是全身顫抖。我沒有任何描述可以表現出他臉上滑稽的痛苦,當他的助手冷靜地問他,如果發生意外,他是否選擇在附近的教堂裡找一個舒適的墳墓,或者被醃製起來送回鄉下;也沒有什麼動作能比他無力的努力去撿起他的帽子更幽默了,他用顫抖的手指把它推來推去”(Hunt,1894 年,第 31-32 頁)。“把鮑勃·艾克斯描繪成一個散發著馬廄氣味的鄉下土包子是一個錯誤。艾克斯自己駕著馬車,在安東尼爵士住所一英里範圍內有一個住所,並且與那個圈子‘非常熟悉’。他是一個鄉紳,雖然愚蠢,但不是小丑。他應該是一個可信、理性的普通人,儘管推理能力有限。他過分重視自己的榮譽並非完全荒謬,在決鬥場景中,他應該不僅僅是一個我們取笑的物件,我們可以說,在戲劇的早期,他應該比託尼·朗普金高出一籌,在最後不完全是阿圭切克”(Agate,1934 年,第 190 頁)。“《對手》中[安東尼爵士]的兒子絕對上尉的場景,他堅持要求後者結婚,因此是誇張的憤怒的傑作。但隨後,當他的兒子贏得了他的感情或突然滿足了他的要求時,誰又能以如此自然的跌落從激情的高峰跌落到最溫柔的情感和最社交的愉快中呢?他對別人的滿足表情,他感激的握手,以及在他難以抑制的喜悅間隙中迸發出的匆忙感謝,展現了社交享受的完美”(Hunt,1894 年,第 63 頁)。
Some Victorian critics were offended by the allusions in "The school for scandal": "a play the whole of which no woman could read to any but her husband, or some other near relative, without giving ground for a presumption of impurity; and there are in it many sentences which no gentleman could use, even among men, without incurring the charge of lewdness in his talk” (Buckley, 1883 p 584). But in post-Victorian times, it is considered as “a delightful piece kept sparkingly alive by the tart prickle of its prose and its gracious humanity” (Clurman, 1966 p 175). “Original genius though he was, even Sheridan in The School for Scandal could not break entirely away from the eighteenth-century comedy tradition. In the survey of this in the previous pages precedents will be found for several of its chief figures. Charles Surface is the prodigal but warm-hearted libertine. Maria is the heiress who loves him and is won by him, but who has to defy the advances of suitors preferred by her guardian. Joseph Surface is the contemporary man of sentiment, with an admixture of the Restoration rake. Sir Oliver Surface is the wealthy relative who conceals his identity so that he may be a better judge of character. Rowley is the typical devoted family retainer. It was Sheridan’s triumph that onto this conventional framework he grafted novel developments and additions which resulted in a masterpiece of stage-craft. Comedy has always been a vehicle for slanderous tongues, but seldom in such concentrated fashion as in that ‘scandalous college’ of which Lady Sneerwell is president, and which includes Mrs. Candour hiding her malice under an affectation of good nature; the scurrilous Mr. Crabtree with his poetaster nephew. Sir Benjamin Backbite, who specializes in satires and lampoons on particular people; and for a time Lady Teazle, till she hands back her diploma for killing characters. It may be doubted, however, whether much has been gained by making Lady Sneerwell secretly in love with Charles, and therefore making trouble between him and Maria by bribing Snake to forge love-letters from Lady Teazle to Charles and answering them herself, till Snake finally confesses“ (Boas, 1953 p 354). "The School for Scandal is one of the best comedies in our language...The wit is inferior to Congreve's, and the allusions much coarser. Its great excellence is in the invention of comic situations and the lucky contrast of different characters. The satirical conversation at Lady Sneerwell's is an indifferent imitation of The Way of the World, and Sir Benjamin Backbite a foolish superfluity from the older comedy" (Hazlitt, 1895 p 68). "The principal merit of the play lies neither in the rather slender plot nor in any sympathy we have for the characters, but rather in the strikingly natural situations, the skillful handling of the piece, the constantly brilliant wit, the animation, the sense of the ridiculous and the finish given to the whole. The comedy is a triumph of art, and its merit is only exceeded by its popularity" (Golden 1890 pp 192-193). “Joseph Surface presents himself as a good man, employing the language of sensibility as a cover for his selfish schemes, whereas Charles conceals his inward goodness under the outward appearance of a philandering wastrel” (Thomson, 2006 p 145). “We laugh at the notion of such a character as Charles' doing any harm. Sheridan's wit is not of a seductive nature. He makes us dislike a good many things, perhaps more than he looked for. We laugh heartily with his satirical personages all round, at all their butts; and then at the satirists in their turn; but nobody will come away from one or Sheridan's plays, loving anything the better, good or bad. Hypocrites, perhaps, will resolve to take care how they get into scrapes; but we do not love even the heartier side of Charles' character, except in his refusal to sell his uncle's picture. He seems rather to defy economy than to enjoy pleasure. We cannot help thinking that there are marks of an uneasy turn of mind in all Sheridan's productions. There is almost always some real pain going on amongst his characters. They are always perplexing, mortifying, or distressing one another; snatching their jokes out of some misery, as if they were playing at snap-dragon. They do not revel in wit for its own sake, like those of Congreve; nor wear a hey-day impudence, for the pleasure of the thing, as in Vanbrugh; nor cultivate an eternal round of airiness and satisfaction, as in good-natured Farquhar. Sheridan's comedy is all-stinging satire. His bees want honey” (Hunt, 1894 pp 164-165). "The School for Scandal has persisted from generation to generation, not because of its story, not because of its reflection of eighteenth century habits and customs, not because of its idea, which is hardly noteworthy, but because of its humanity underlying the superficial, a humanity which is eternal, whether in powder and patches, in hoop skirts, or in the fashions of the present. There is a spontaneous flow of humor in this drama, dependent upon character, rather than upon situation or local reference. In fact, an over-abundance of local reference would take the sympathetic appeal away from a comedy after the age had passed" (Moses, 1917 p 179). "Sheridan's primary arrangement of his characters into the 'good' and the 'bad' holds throughout the play, as it must do in an atmosphere which satire is dominant. On the one hand we have the 'villains', the various gossips with their special abilities, and Joseph Surface, the hypocrite. We can easily see to what extent Sheridan has used exaggeration, which is a regular part of the technique of satire in his presentation of these people. On the other hand we have Maria, the honest, decent person who sees through the gossips; Lady Teazle, who, at first deceived by the gossips, later is enlightened and helps satirize them; Sir Peter, whose role is approximately that of innocent bystander; and Charles, who is directly contrasted with Joseph. The other characters are essentially outside the main conflict, which they serve to comment or to judge. The management of the 'good' people and the commentators sheds further light upon the technique of satire. One notices that all the 'good' characters are in one way or other, at one time or another, victims of the 'bad' characters; this is a standard satirical device, since our sympathy with the victims always strengthens our detestation of the victimizers. As for the observers or commentators, they also serve to heighten the point the author is making...Sheridan is appealing less to the audience's sense of the laughable, less to their good sense, we might say, or, as the eighteenth century would have said, to their 'judgment', than to their feelings, to an unconsidered emotional relish of kindness and good-heartedness" (Brooks and Hellman, 1945 pp 244-250). Bernbaum (1915) pointed out its sentimental elements. "Those passages of Sheridan’s play which are...devoted to an attack upon detraction and hypocrisy, are composed in a wholly comic manner: the Scandal Club is excoriated; and Joseph Surface, the pharisaical man of sentiment, hoist by his own petard, is made an object of aversion. But Sheridan did not maintain an attitude of mockery or scorn towards other and equally important characters. Charles Surface and his uncle, as well as Sir Peter and Lady Teazle, however amusing the scenes in which they figure, are designed to be amiable. 'Lady Teazle,' a contemporary complains,'is more likely to excite imitation than disgust.' In his conception of these characters, Sheridan resembles mid-eighteenth-century playwrights like Hoadly, with their amusing but lovable personages, rather than Congreve or Molière...The fact was that as long as the general spirit of the time was so kindly disposed towards human nature, as long as there was so little support for the sterner ethical point of view, true comedy of character must remain an occasional tour de force and could not flourish abundantly. Sheridan kept within the bounds to which sensibility had confined the Comic Muse. A spirited satirist of manners, he is, as a satirist of morals, hesitant and superficial...It is because the prodigal Charles Surface is charitable to the distressed, and affectionately grateful to 'the old fellow who had been very good to him' that he wins the hand of Maria and gains his uncle’s forgiveness for his extravagances. What cures Lady Teazle of her mightiness is her overhearing that Sir Peter, despite the vexations she has caused him, still loves her so deeply that he intends to provide most generously for her future comfort” (pp 257-258). "It is possible to feel a sense of genuine satisfaction, when Sir Peter escapes cuckoldry, without caring, whether his indignation is at all adequate to the occasion. From the moralist's point of view a husband who in a similar situation thinks only of the ridicule which will fall upon himself is a somewhat contemptible person and Sir Peter's reconciliation with his wife would be set down as dictated by uxoriousness rather than magnanimity. But somehow it is impossible to conceive Sir Peter Teazle as other than a thoroughly estimable and simple-minded old gentleman. In real life how terrible must have been his discomfiture on the fall of the screen, and how heartless would the speech of Charles have sounded!" (Sanders, 1890 p 74). For the characters, their “destinies touch each other throughout the action, and unite in the climax of the celebrated screen scene, a situation all the more dramatic because the audience realizes its significance more fully than the characters can” (Routh, 1955 pp 376-377). “As conversation was a fine art in a community of drawing room idlers, Sheridan endowed his personages with a flow of picturesque epigram, of which the studied felicity surpasses all other dialogues, including that of his own previous works. Besides this, he perceived that the intellectually unemployed turn social intercourse into a competitive struggle and, when he came to portray the underlying stratum of jealousy and intrigue, he brought to his task a touch of modern sentimentality from which few Georgians could escape. Behind his view of London art and artifice, there lurked the popular ideal of simple manners, and, thanks to this background of thought, he was able to show how the vices of the polite world overgrow natural instincts. Since ideas which are to succeed on the stage must be concrete, he made extravagance and scandal examples of decadence, and then worked out a crisis in the lives of characters brought under their influence. Charles Surface is the centre of a circle demoralised by extravagance till a chance episode reveals the generosity of its nature. Lady Sneerwell typifies the irreclaimable scandalmonger; she finds so many opportunities of retaliating on the world which first slandered her that habit is now second nature. Joseph Surface, at heart, is no worse than the character whose desire for respectability exceeds his powers of compassing it; he, too, is gradually fascinated by a brilliant and corrupt society, till an unexpected event shows that he has sinned beyond forgiveness. Sir Peter is the Cato of the piece, good at heart, if self-centred, but soured by contact with many backbiters and rendered ridiculous by the vagaries of his young wife, herself Sheridan's best creation, an example of how youth and inexperience may be blinded to the follies of fashionable life till the eyes are reopened by a sudden crisis” (Routh, 1932 p 270). “Sir Peter Teazle is the traditional stage old husband (a teazle is a plant with a large prickly head formerly used in dressing cloth). He teases himself continually by worrying about one thing and another, and is quite unable to understand the light-hearted kind of teasing employed by his wife and by Charles. It is for this as much as for their extravagance that he finds fault with both of them...Much of his trouble, though, certainly comes from his own belief that he is always right. His attitude towards many people was similar to that adopted towards his wards...His honest, though dogmatic character, is entirely opposed to that of the scandal-mongering acquaintances of his wife...Lady Teazle, young and feather-headed, is an example of the way in which an unsophisticated country girl can become involved in excesses of various kinds when plunged into the world of fashion. Her remarks are just as scandalous and pointed as those of her friends...Maria has a firm and dignified character...She speaks her mind to the women who delight in scandal...Her sensitive nature is hurt by their words and she finally has to plead illness in order to hasten away from their suggestive remarks. She estimates character better than many of the people in the play; she is not misled by Joseph's apparent morality, she abhors Sir Benjamin Backbite's attentions and realises the genuine qualities of Charles. She is not afraid of Sir Peter's truculence, though she bows to his authority as a guardian...Joseph Surface is from first to last a sly hypocrite, all things to all men…He is ingratiating even to people of weak character...Charles Surface is a stock character in fiction, the heedless, extravagant young man whose heart is golden...The sincerity of his gratitude to Sir Oliver is evinced by his refusal to sell the picture of the ‘ill-looking little fellow over the settee’, even though he is offered ‘as much for that as for all the rest’. When he is to be married to Maria and he declares that he will make no promises about reforming, we feel with him that we can take that as a proof that he ‘intends to set about it’, though his logic is not clear” (Evans, 1936 pp 39-43). "The School for Scandal is Sheridan's use of a series of disguise images beginning in Sneerwell's veiled love of Charles Surface and concluding with Snake's plea in Act V that his one good deed remain hidden...In the comedy there are two groups of characters: those who mask themselves and those who do not. The first group is divided into those who mask with malevolent intent (Snake, Lady Sneerwell and the scandalmongers, and Joseph) and those who mask without malevolence though not always with noble intent (Lady Teazle, Sir Peter Teazle, and Sir Oliver Surface). The second group consists of Rowley, Maria, and Charles Surface...Unwisely, Lady Sneerwell showed her 'weakness' to Snake and real view, to Joseph (I,i); her reward in Act V, scene iii, is unmasking by both...Snake- whose movements 'should not go unobserved'- is more devious than Lady Sneerwell...His mask is constant, while the face behind it is sold to the highest bidder, ultimately Sir Oliver...Joseph is perhaps the best masked character in the play. The elder brother Surface, he is a master of deceit, and it is no surprise that when he occasionally lapses into metaphor, the figure of speech should sound the note of disguise. After peremptorily dismissing Sir Oliver- disguised as Stanley- Joseph remarks: 'The silver ore of pure charity is an expensive article in the catalogue of a man's good qualities, whereas the sentimental French plate I used instead of it, makes just as good a show and pays no tax' (V,i)" (Leff, 1970 pp 350-353). "What Joseph really worships is reputation. He worships it more than the pleasure which it veils, and he worships it so much that he loses sight of character altogether; indeed, he regrets that his character is so good that he doubts he will be exposed at last. To be thought good is his ideal, but he is unable to be so, and so his spurious respectability goes to pieces through the only bit of unmixed nature about him, his real infatuation for Lady Teazle. It is this which dupes him into remaining Lady Sneerwell's unwitting tool, though he hoodwinks even her regarding Lady Teazle, and Lady Teazle, in the matter of Maria. He sets out to win Maria's fortune, meets with the other on the road, and ends by a self-betrayal..“Sir Peter is a gentleman, every inch of him, and his first thought when he emerges from his hiding-place is to exculpate Joseph. His fondness is not that of a dotard, nor is he the mere flouted citizen of ancient comedy. He is fifty the equivalent of sixty now but though old enough to be her father, he is not bewitched by beauty alone. She tantalizes him into admiration...Their battledore and shuttlecock interchange- point on point as was Sheridan's habit- is not limited to repartee; the picture of her country life a picture that smells of lavender is shared between them" (Sichel, 1909 vol 1 pp 555-160). "No scene in The School for Scandal is so extravagantly prepared as the one in which Sir Oliver, disguised as Premium the moneylender, confronts his nephew, Charles. Much of Act III scene i is spent schooling Sir Oliver in his role as usurer, instructing him what clothes to wear, what in interest to charge, how to justify unconscionable terms by claiming to be a helpless middle man, a mere agent for some vicious scalper...But all this elaborate scaffolding immediately collapses in Act III scene iii when Charles meets Premium...Sheridan designs much of Act III to emphasize Charles' characteristic spontaneity and directness. He then proceeds in the opening scene of Act IV to confirm Charles' identity as an authentic man of benevolence" (Durant, 1972 pp 49-50). "The plot situation in The Country Wife (1675) is so nearly parallel to The School for Scandal that a comparison is worthwhile. In both cases a middle aged man marries a young country girl and brings her to London; in both cases a young wife becomes enamored of the gay, wicked ways of the town. Here the similarities cease. Mr Pinchwife is actually cuckolded; nevertheless he is in no way a sympathetic character. He is made ludicrous by the fact that he is himself a former rake and a notorious cuckolder...Not so Teazle...As for his more sprightly helpmeet, she gives herself away even when she would be at her most wicked...One of the most typical conceits of the Restoration goes overboard, namely the notion that love and marriage are incompatible. Moreover, the intent of the Charles Surface-Maria affair is not seduction but marriage...There is no bawdry in the dialogue, and none of the intended evil in the action is ever accomplished" (Schiller, 1956 pp 700-704).

時間:1770 年代。地點:英國巴斯。
文字連結:http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/284/2000/frameset.html https://archive.org/details/britishdramaaco03unkngoog https://archive.org/details/britishtheatreo33inchgoog https://archive.org/details/schoolschoolmast00pottiala
莉迪亞·朗吉什是一位小說迷,因此更喜歡一位少尉而非一位男爵,這就是為什麼傑克·阿布索盧特,安東尼爵士的兒子和繼承人,以貝弗利少尉的假名追求她。相反,安東尼爵士和馬拉普夫人,莉迪亞的姑媽,希望她嫁給傑克,卻不知道這兩個人是同一個人。莉迪亞深愛著貝弗利,拒絕接受傑克。她的姑媽對這種大膽感到憤怒。“你有什麼權利,小姐,去談論偏好和厭惡?”她問莉迪亞。“它們不適合年輕女子;你應該知道,由於兩者總是會消失,所以在婚姻中最好一開始就帶有一點厭惡。”這三個人都不知道傑克·阿布索盧特就是貝弗利,而他自己卻不知道父親打算讓他娶莉迪亞,拒絕屈服於父親的選擇,認為父親打算讓他娶另一個女人。儘管遇到麻煩,莉迪亞仍然有時間與她的朋友茱莉亞訴苦,“她是這個忘恩負義的福克蘭的反覆無常、怪癖和嫉妒的奴隸,他將永遠延遲承擔丈夫的權利……”離開一段時間後,福克蘭詢問他的鄰居鮑勃·艾克斯,在他不在期間茱莉亞的精神狀態如何,他預計茱莉亞會悶悶不樂或悲傷,但鮑勃卻聽到她唱著:“我的心屬於我自己,我的意志自由,”用歡快的曲調,讓福克蘭感到絕望。“蠢貨!我真是個蠢貨!把我的全部幸福寄託在一個如此輕浮的人身上!”他驚呼道。傑克的僕人從莉迪亞的僕人那裡得知,他主人的父親希望他娶的正是他心愛的莉迪亞。得知此事後,傑克假裝接受父親的選擇,出於對父親意願的服從,甚至不關心她長什麼樣。“我承認我寧願選擇一個妻子,擁有通常數量的四肢和有限數量的後背:雖然一隻眼睛可能非常迷人,但由於偏見一直偏愛兩隻眼睛,所以我不想在這方面表現出與眾不同,”傑克對震驚的父親說道。福克蘭用鮑勃的報告質問茱莉亞。“我永遠無法在你不在的時候感到快樂,”她向他保證。但是,令她悲傷的是,他繼續懷疑她的真誠。“女人不習慣權衡和區分她們情感的動機:謹慎、感激或孝道的冷冰冰的指示有時會被誤認為是內心的懇求,”他斷言。她含淚離開了他,他更加痛苦。與此同時,傑克以自己的身份出現在發音不準的馬拉普夫人面前,假裝很高興認識一位有才智的女士,馬拉普夫人欣然回應。“啊!如今很少有紳士知道如何珍惜女性的無足輕重的品質,”她宣稱,並告訴他她截獲了她侄女的一封情書,信中一個名叫貝弗利的人署名。鑑於莉迪亞浪漫的理想,傑克繼續以貝弗利少尉的身份出現在她面前,透露她的姑媽認為她是傑克·阿布索盧特。“哈哈!我忍不住想笑,想想她的聰明才智是如何被愚弄的,”她愉快地宣稱。當監視的姑媽聽到她說:“讓她選擇阿布索盧特上尉吧,但貝弗利是我的,”她驚呼道:“我對她這種無恥感到震驚!當著他的面——這是當著他的面。”她突然把莉迪亞帶離了他。與此同時,鮑勃告訴他的暴躁朋友盧修斯·奧特里格爵士,他被一個名叫貝弗利的人不公平地取代了莉迪亞的愛,卻不知道這個人正是他的朋友傑克。盧修斯提議決鬥來解決此事。結果,鮑勃讓傑克向貝弗利傳達他的挑戰。最後,安東尼爵士帶著兒子去與馬拉普夫人和莉迪亞商談婚姻問題,這時三個人都發現了真相,莉迪亞苦澀地失望了,因為不會有任何浪漫的私奔,她對姑媽說:“夫人,您曾經命令我永遠不要再想貝弗利——那個人就在那裡——我現在服從您:因為從這一刻起,我永遠放棄他。”傑克因這次打擊而感到憤怒,心情非常糟糕,以至於他和盧修斯發生爭吵,對於後者來說,這必然意味著決鬥來解決他們的分歧,傑克接受了挑戰,在國王草地與福克蘭作為他的助手進行決鬥。最後,茱莉亞,令福克蘭悲傷的是,絕望地想要讓他確信她的愛,宣稱他們必須分開。茱莉亞與莉迪亞討論她們不幸的愛情,卻被馬拉普夫人打斷,馬拉普夫人從傑克的僕人那裡得知傑克即將進行決鬥的訊息,當被問到發生了什麼事時,她驚呼道:“為什麼,謀殺是問題!屠殺是問題!殺人是問題!——但他可以告訴你垂直線。”馬拉普夫人認為盧修斯可能是她潛在的結婚物件,他來到國王草地,無意中用關於血腥和死亡的談話嚇壞了鮑勃,幾乎讓他嚇破了膽,這時傑克與福克蘭一起到來,後者面臨著兩場決鬥,因為盧修斯認為福克蘭是貝弗利,並鼓勵他與鮑勃戰鬥,而他們兩人都不想這樣做。盧修斯對鮑勃的態度感到厭惡,但無論如何,他轉而與傑克戰鬥,兩人拔出劍,直到被安東尼、莉迪亞和茱莉亞三人組成的驚恐隊伍打斷。鮑勃放棄了對莉迪亞的追求,讓給了傑克,盧修斯也一樣,因為他得知寄給他的情書不是莉迪亞寫的,而是馬拉普夫人寫的,而茱莉亞最終接受了備受折磨的福克蘭。“我們的幸福現在像普遍一樣純淨,”莉迪亞總結道。
“醜聞學校”
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時間:1770年代。地點:英國倫敦。
文字地址:http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/284/2001/frameset.html https://archive.org/details/schoolschoolmast00pottiala
斯尼爾韋爾夫人與她的密友斯內克商討了一個計劃,旨在吸引查爾斯·瑟菲斯成為她的丈夫。她接待了一群人,這些人唯一的目的就是說別人的壞話。彼得·蒂茲爾爵士對他的婚姻感到不幸福,責怪他們年齡的差異。他抱怨妻子反抗他的權威,她反駁道:“如果你想要控制我,你應該收養我,而不是娶我:我相信你已經足夠老了。”在斯尼爾韋爾夫人的家中,他沒有得到任何安慰,在那裡,像往常一樣,住客們在打牌時拆散了許多人的名譽。蒂茲爾夫人驚訝地發現約瑟夫·瑟菲斯,查爾斯的兄弟,一個她覬覦的追求愛情物件的男人,跪在一個名叫瑪麗亞的女人面前,試圖勾引她。約瑟夫為自己辯護說:“瑪麗亞以某種方式懷疑我對她的幸福的溫柔關懷,並威脅要告訴彼得爵士她的懷疑,”而實際上他是在追求這兩個女人。與此同時,彼得的一位老朋友從印度回來,奧利弗·瑟菲斯爵士,這位叔叔過去常常慷慨地對待他的侄子約瑟夫和查爾斯。彼得稱讚表面上放蕩不羈的約瑟夫,卻貶低公開放蕩不羈的查爾斯。他還貶低瑪麗亞,但在打算讓她嫁給約瑟夫時遭到了抵抗。為了考驗從未見過他的查爾斯,奧利弗假裝成一個名叫普利米厄姆的放債人。正如彼得所說,奧利弗注意到他的侄子有許多放蕩的跡象,但這個浪蕩子卻拒絕出售他自己的畫像,這彌補了所有其他不足。當蒂茲爾夫人訪問約瑟夫的房子時,她很不愉快地被丈夫的到來嚇了一跳,躲在一塊屏風後面。彼得告訴約瑟夫,他發現了誰是他妻子的情人:不是別人,正是查爾斯,然後開始談論他對瑪麗亞的期望,約瑟夫知道蒂茲爾夫人就在附近,試圖打斷他。當他們聽到查爾斯在外面打算與哥哥說話時,彼得想偷聽他們的談話,以便確定有關妻子的傳言是否屬實。他躲在一個壁櫥裡,並在途中注意到一個躲在屏風後面的身影,並被告知她是一個女帽匠。“狡猾的傢伙!狡猾的傢伙!”彼得笑著說。約瑟夫詢問查爾斯有關彼得妻子的傳言,但他否認了。“我一直以為你是她的最愛,”查爾斯說,對此,焦慮的約瑟夫予以否認,併為了打斷他,指著壁櫥,查爾斯從裡面拉出彼得,對剛才聽到的內容感到寬慰。彼得向查爾斯低聲說了關於女帽匠的事。他們對此哈哈大笑,查爾斯拉下屏風,露出了一個不是女帽匠,而是令彼得懊惱的妻子。接下來,羞愧的約瑟夫接待了一位名叫斯坦利先生的客人,即奧利弗爵士的另一種偽裝,他對他說,他叔叔迄今為止為他所做的一切都“微不足道”,並粗魯地把他打發走了。醜聞學校接下來聽到關於查爾斯和彼得之間決鬥的傳言,爭論的焦點是是用劍還是用槍,以及彼得受傷的程度,但彼得毫髮無損地走了進來,並命令說閒話的人離開他的房子。聽說他們的叔叔即將到來,約瑟夫和查爾斯把礙事的普利米厄姆/斯坦利趕走,直到他們發現他就是奧利弗爵士。當斯尼爾韋爾夫人被背叛的斯內克破壞了對查爾斯的計劃後,查爾斯與瑪麗亞結婚便沒有任何障礙了。
奧利弗·戈德史密斯
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18世紀後期英國喜劇的另一位主要人物是愛爾蘭劇作家奧利弗·戈德史密斯(1730-1774)。戈德史密斯的桂冠因兩部喜劇而熠熠生輝:“她屈尊降貴”(1773)和“善良的人”(1768)。
"She stoops to conquer", "endowed with an atmosphere at once natural and romantic, is full of that geniality and warmth which are continually such pleasing qualities in Goldsmith’s work. The characterization is strong and unmistakable, but within well-defined types an element of the original, has been introduced. The whole combines to make a comedy, never pretentious, never over-subtle, but arising so solidly from what is fundamental in human nature that audiences in succeeding generations have always recognized its quality” (Evans, 1950 p 110). "Incident is the soul of comedy and She Stoops to Conquer is crowded with incident. And if incident is its soul, assuredly situation is its backbone, and on this assumption Goldsmith’s play is fully vertebrate. There is an unusual ,but very effective situation developed, or in course of development, in every scene; and, best of all, the imagination of an audience is stimulated in every scene to anticipate what is coming; and. yet what does come, comes with such a series of little surprises that one’s attention, which is grasped it the outset, is never allowed to be diverted from the main course of the play. The comedy marches ahead from the first: it never marks time. The dialogue is ever to the point. Every phrase but adds to the impression one gains of the naturalness of the characters...For genuine stagecraft nothing could surpass the management of the scene where, after Tony has taken the jewels, he suggests to his mother that she should pretend to Constance that she has mislaid them and call him as a witness, and then she discovers that what she meant to be a fiction is a fact. The moment she leaves the room to fetch her garnets we begin to laugh. To show a trickster tricked is the height of diversion. But the author goes further, and shows the tricksters of the trickster defeated by the simplest misunderstanding, and that not once but twice. The game of cross-purposes is maintained by a succession of the liveliest incidents, every one linked on to the other and not one in the least degree strained or unnatural" (Moore, 1890 pp 408-410). "Unlike The Good-Natured Man, the spirit of merriment is never extinguished. Even when Marlow, carried away by his admiration and love, proposes marriage to Miss Hardcastle, whom he still thinks a servant, her beguiling manner, and the perplexity of the eavesdroppers, keep the situation comic. The characterization of Miss Hardcastle, to speak of only one of the well-known personages, is a notable departure from that of the contemporary sentimental heroines, including Miss Richland of The Good-Natured Man. Her frank delight on being told that her prospective lover is handsome; her chagrin because he is shy and reserved; her failure to be shocked by his scandalous reputation, or even by the innuendoes which he addresses to her in ignorance of her identity; her ennui in the 'sober, sentimental interview' with him; and the zest with which she deceives him: all these traits of mischievous girlhood were as uncommon as vivacious. Nobody is idealized, reformed, or wept over. Nearly everyone is amused by the actions of the others; and all, without exception, are amusing to the audience. On the other hand, no character in the play is satirically lashed after the manner of the comic dramatists of the Restoration. The power of sentimentalism stayed the hand of its antagonist. Instead of deriding faults, Goldsmith smiles at foibles. He laughs with Tony Lumpkin, not at him. The only approach he makes to the kind of motif that Wycherley, Congreve, and Vanbrugh founded their comedies upon may be seen in the circumstance that the mother-wit of Tony upsets the plans of those who look upon him as their intellectual inferior; and this point Goldsmith does not emphasize. He is even less inclined to a sarcastic criticism of life than his master, Farquhar...He thinks to destroy sentimental comedy without offending the kindly attitude towards human nature which is the basis of its existence” (Bernbaum, 1915 pp 244-246). "It came, that triumph, and to a rare son of genius; one, who showed that drollery was compatible with decency, and that high comedy could exist without scoundrelly fine gentlemen to support it" (Doran, 1888 pp 297-298). “It is funny and always will be funny to know that one person is speaking on assumptions that are not shared by the person to whom he is talking...Young Marlow and his friend Hastings are on their way to see Mr Hardcastle, a friend of Marlow’s father. The purpose for the visit is so that Marlow can meet Hardcastle’s daughter, Kate, and the hope is that the two young people will agree to marry one another, as their fathers design...The mistakes begin even before the two are introduced, however, due to the fact that Marlow and Hastings are misled by Kate’s step-brother, the oaf Tony Lumpkin, to believe that they have come to an inn rather than to the Hardcastle estate. They treat Mr Hardcastle as an innkeeper rather than as a host” (Kraft, 2022 p 18). “Tony, Marlow and Hastings represent three possible ways in which a young man might behave: Tony is a wild roaring prankster out of parental control and ruined by his lack of education; Hastings is a sentimental and conventional lover; Marlow, ruined by his education in a different way to Tony, oscillates wildly between the two extremes” (Griffiths, 2022 p 94). The play "is certainly free from the faint suggestion of sentiment which emerges now and then in The Good-natured Man, and few things in comedy are more diverting than the consequences of the mistake on which the plot hinges. Mr Hardcastle's portrait is perhaps the finest in Goldsmith's dramatic gallery. Tony Lumpkin's may carry more votes yet it seems to want the finer strokes which are to be detected in the other" (Millar, 1902 p 254). “Mr Hardcastle, who maintains a high standard of behaviour despite immense provocation, is the positive representative of good breeding, whilst his wife, ridiculed for affecting the manners of the town, is the butt of Goldsmith's satire. The title of the play, which could as well apply to the heroine of Cibber's Love's Last Shift, yet again draws attention to a surprisingly modern sexual dilemma; but though sensitive in his treatment of young love Qoldsmith is interested not in the psychological but the comic potential of Young Marlowe's embarrassment in the company of sophisticated girls. Comedy of situation is fundamental to this play, and both the Marlowe-Kate love scenes and the vindication of the superior manners of Hardcastle are subordinated to this. Just as any complex examination of both sexual and social issues is avoided, so too the subject of money is not treated very seriously” (Hirst, 2018 p 46). "The play is a charming idyl, in which the rough edges of the world are ground smooth, in which faults turn out to be virtues, and mistakes to be blessings. At times the stage-land copies the actual world with fidelity, as in the scene at the Three Pigeons and in the simple country life in Hardcastle’s home. Tony Lumpkin is a genuine child of the soil" (Moody and Lovett, 1930 p 255). "The chief truths of character are those which are most historical. I will give you an illustration from Goldsmith which I daresay will be fresh in your memories. You remember old Hardcastle drilling his household in anticipation of visitors. He particularly cautions them against laughing when he tells any of his stock tales to his guests, whereupon Diggory exclaims, 'We must laugh, master, if you tell that tale about grouse and the gun-room we've laughed at that any time this last twenty years.' Whereupon old Hardcastle, highly flattered, says, 'Well, that is a good tale, Diggory; you may laugh at that.' Observe the painting of present character in these two speeches, the genial weakness of old Hardcastle, so lovable, so truthful, so illustrating in the kindest and tenderest way the everlasting truth that human nature is always ready to be turned from its purpose by a little adroit flattery. But observe also that these two speeches open up a vista that practically shows you all that is worth knowing of old Hardcastle's life for the past twenty years, and also foreshadows what his life will be for the next twenty years, if he should live as long. The more you dwell upon them the more they suggest. But the next time you see She Stoops to Conquer, mark the effect of these speeches upon a general audience- they will not awaken any great roar of laughter, such as is caused in a modern piece by a stupid distortion of words, a verbal quibble, or a meaningless mistake of pronunciation. By the greater part of the audience their full purport will be quite missed; they will scarcely strike home at all. They will count for nothing in the question of the success of the piece with a general audience" (Jones, 1895 pp 184-185). "That delightful comedy, She Stoops to Conquer, would indeed deserve a volume, and is the best specimen of what an English comedy should be. It illustrates excellently what has been said as to the necessity of the plot depending on the characters, rather than the characters depending on the plot, as the fashion is at present...[Goldsmith] had this slight shred of a plot to start with; but it was conceived at the same moment with the character of Marlow— the delicacy and art of which conception is beyond description. It was the character of all others to bring out the farce and humour of the situation, viz a character with its two sides— one that was forward and impudent with persons of the class he believed his hosts to belong to, but liable at any crisis, on the discovery of the mistake, to be reduced to an almost pitiable state of shyness and confusion. It is the consciousness that this change is in petto at any moment, that the cool town man may be hoisted in a second on this petard, that makes all so piquant for the spectator. To make Mariow a mere exquisite would have furnished a conventional dramatic contrast: but the addition of bashfulness— and of bashfulness after this artistic view— more than doubled the dramatic force. A further strengthening was the letting his friend into the secret; so that this delightfully self-sufficient creature is the only one of all concerned— including the audience— who is unaware of his situation. In the hands of an actor of genius this character would be a treat indeed, but would require the most airy and elegant gifts. He is a gentleman, and a pleasant creature with all his dandyism is interesting, and has our sympathy" (Fitzgerald, 1870 pp 91-93). “There is much farcical confusion, yet Goldsmith makes the individuals seem not mere robots in farce, but human beings trying to understand and acting understandably...Kate is Goldsmith’s masterpiece, bringing Marlow along superficially by a barmaid’s easy flirtatiousness but more deeply by good temper, irony, sense of the ridiculous” (Heilman, 1978b pp 171-172). “Young Marlow belongs to genuine high comedy as anything in Farquhar or Vanbrugh...The high comic intention is never lost in the merely ludicrous situation. In the transition from stammering modesty with Miss Hardcastle to easy familiarity with the supposed barmaid, the character does not lose its identity; for the over-assumption of ease, and the ridiculous want of it, are perceived to have exactly the same origin. The nervous effort is the same in the excess of bashfulness as when it tries to rattle itself off by an excess of impudence. It is not simply one disguise flung aside for another; the constitutional timidity is kept always ludicrously prominent, but by fine and delicate touches. ln like manner, Mr Hardcastle and his wife have the same degree of what may be called comic dignity. The jovial old squire, with his love for everything that's old, ‘old friends, old times, old manners, old books, old wine’, not forgetting his own interminable old stories, is just the man to have his house mistaken for an inn! and the man to resent it too, with something festive and enjoying in the very robustness of his rage. There is altogether, let me add, an exuberant heartiness and breadth of genial humour in the comedy, which seems of right to overflow in Tony Lumpkin. He may be farcical, as such lumpish, roaring, uncouth animal spirits have a right to be: but who would abate a bit of Cousin Tony, stupid and cunning as he is, impudent yet sheepish, with his loutish love of low company, and his young-squire sense of his ‘fortin’. There is never any misgiving about Goldsmith's fun and enjoyment” (Forster, 1890 pp 410-411).
《善良的人》的主要情節是“幽默而不尖刻諷刺,溫柔而不強烈情感[作者]給予……比1762年以來感傷喜劇慣例更多的喜劇場景。他接納了通常被排除在外的低階人物,例如兩個滑稽的警長,他們在與女主角的談話中表現出的粗俗無禮讓公眾感到厭惡。他的次要情節,雖然開始於類似於[理查德·斯蒂爾的]《有意識的情人》(1722年)和[愛德華·摩爾的]《棄兒》(1748年)的情境,但他透過一系列有趣的笑話進行了處理。他用自然的輕鬆活潑點綴了他的對話,並在托馬斯·洛夫蒂爵士(一個假裝有政治影響力的人)和克魯克先生(一個悲觀的麻煩借貸者)身上塑造了極度荒謬的人物”(伯恩鮑姆,1915年,第227-228頁)。“每一行都閃耀著高尚的人性;[戈德史密斯]用一種即使是他的受害者也難以反駁的嘲諷來攻擊虛偽和做作。必須承認,楊·霍尼伍德,就像許多其他英雄一樣,並不是這部戲的主要吸引力。但裡奇蘭小姐以她自己的方式,至少與哈德卡斯爾小姐不相上下;克魯克和他的妻子是一對對比鮮明的夫妻;而洛夫蒂,這部戲的光彩,是他塑造的那種角色型別,戈德史密斯對此有著特殊的才能”(米勒,1902年,第253頁)。“霍尼伍德試圖贏得普遍的喜愛;不幸的是,他試圖透過贈送給所有人來取悅所有人的活動,導致自己破產,因此變得無能和荒謬。其他人試圖不成功地讓他認識到這一點。直到霍尼伍德被稱作世人眼中的卑鄙之人時,他才真正受到觸動”(海爾曼,1978b年,第43頁)。“在霍尼伍德身上,他賦予了這部喜劇以標題,我們偶爾會看到一些毫不含糊的、有意識的瞥見,即作家自己身上的弱點。也沒有任何輕視它們的傾向。也許,源於性格溫和而導致無意中混淆是非的錯誤,從未以更快樂的嚴厲程度被觸及過。它們看起來多麼輝煌,並且仍然借用鄰近的某種義務的名義,它們被揭示了其本來面目;而我們對善良天性的所有喜愛,以及它在這部喜劇中帶給我們的所有歡樂,都不能阻止我們透過它的幫助看到,有一種慈善可能是極大的不公正,一種仁慈,其更好的名稱可能是軟弱,而友誼可能僅僅是輕信。在克魯克身上,我們看到了與此形成對比和陪襯,以及現代喜劇中最出色的角色之一。就機智而言,懷徹利或康格里夫做得不多,而法夸爾本人也無法超越它的熱烈,或在呱呱叫聲中注入更多油膩的享受。我們感到,與克魯克一起痛苦是一種完美的滿足……以前沒有人曾在舞臺上見過他;但每個人都認識過,或者曾經是,他自己的克魯克……誰不覺得克魯克先生以他的方式是對的?‘提前煩惱我們的不幸,這就是好處所在,當不幸來臨時,我們就不會感到它們了。’同樣,與這些虛構的不幸完美和諧的是洛夫蒂理想的熟人,他也是舞臺上的新人,在街上也很常見”(福斯特,1890年,第258-259頁)。“有了克魯克、克魯剋夫人、洛夫蒂和蒂莫西·特威奇(那個健談的警長),演員們應該能夠在舞臺上做任何事情,但他們卻讓人覺得非常自然”(摩爾,1890年,第294頁)。

時間:1770年代。地點:英國。
文字位於 http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/goldsmth/stoops/index.htm http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/She_Stoops_to_Conquer https://archive.org/details/britishdramaaco03unkngoog http://www.bartleby.com/18/3/ https://archive.org/details/britishtheatre_m09bell
出於惡作劇,託尼·朗普金(哈德卡斯爾夫人與她第一任丈夫的兒子)欺騙了查爾斯·馬洛和喬治·黑斯廷斯,打算分別讓凱特·哈德卡斯爾和康斯坦斯·內維爾相信凱特的父親是旅館老闆。進入哈德卡斯爾家後,兩人幾乎沒有注意到驚訝的主人(他們誤以為是普通的旅館老闆),同時繼續討論服裝,並在主人說話時粗魯地打斷他,然後粗暴地要了一杯熱朗姆酒。讓哈德卡斯爾驚訝的是,查爾斯叫來諮詢廚師,而喬治則想看菜譜。他們不贊成擬議膳食的第一道菜。“去你的豬,我說,”喬治怒吼道,“去你的李子醬,我說,”查爾斯怒吼道,然後兩人都希望核實床鋪是否已妥善通風。康斯坦斯看到喬治和喬治看到她一樣驚訝。她告訴他,這一定是託尼的把戲,哈德卡斯爾夫人(她的姑媽)希望她嫁給託尼,但她在這方面向她的愛人保證。“我向你保證,你無需擔心他。如果你知道他有多麼真誠地蔑視我,你會非常愛他的。”當凱特進來時,查爾斯仍然以為自己在旅館裡,變得非常不安和不知所措,他通常在異性面前的膽怯。他一開始很勇敢,但當喬治和康斯坦斯離開時,他又猶豫了,儘管凱特鼓勵他,但他幾乎沒有看她的臉。喬治討好哈德卡斯爾夫人,但她對託尼對康斯坦斯的不關心感到不快。喬治向託尼探詢康斯坦斯的人格,說:“但她的溫柔謙遜迷住了我。”“是的,但只要稍微約束她一下,她就踢起來,你就會被扔進溝裡,”託尼反駁道。儘管說了這樣的話,喬治發誓他會忠於她。“如果你能幫助我,我保證把她帶到法國,你再也不會聽到關於她的任何訊息了,”他說,託尼熱烈地贊成,搶走他母親的珠寶以方便他們私奔。與此同時,哈德卡斯爾和凱特對查爾斯的個性意見不一,前者認為他無禮,後者認為他過於羞怯。哈德卡斯爾夫人在發現珠寶丟失後驚呼痛苦,託尼對此哈哈大笑,假裝她在開玩笑,讓她感到困惑和惱火。為了幫助查爾斯克服膽怯,凱特屈尊偽裝成女招待;查爾斯突然變得大膽得多。哈德卡斯爾打斷他們,驚訝地發現這樣一個被認為是謙虛的人。與此同時,喬治將珠寶盒交給查爾斯,查爾斯又將其交給在他看來是女房東的人保管,實際上是哈德卡斯爾夫人。當下次遇到查爾斯時,哈德卡斯爾抱怨他的僕人喝酒,其中一個名叫傑里米的僕人似乎喝醉了。查爾斯評論說他只是在執行他的命令。“我不知道你還想要什麼,除非你想讓這個可憐的傢伙泡在啤酒桶裡,”查爾斯說。惱火的哈德卡斯爾命令他離開自己的房子。查爾斯正要離開,這時凱特終於告訴他在哪裡,在他潛在的岳父的房子裡。他立刻被她迷住了,但仍然無法避免考慮他們之間不平等的條件。在哈德卡斯爾夫人面前,康斯坦斯和託尼假裝交換愛慕的眼神。託尼收到喬治關於他們即將私奔的信,但他閱讀起來很費勁,所以康斯坦斯為了減輕哈德卡斯爾夫人的懷疑,假裝她在讀鬥雞的文章,並將信揉成一團,表示毫無興趣。相反,這個虛構的故事讓託尼非常感興趣,以至於哈德卡斯爾夫人從她那裡拿走了信,從而發現了她的侄女私奔的意圖。她決定把康斯坦斯帶到她另一個姑媽那裡。與此同時,查爾斯的父親到來,與哈德卡斯爾一起嘲笑查爾斯的錯誤,但當哈德卡斯爾提議結婚後,查爾斯卻抗議,兩人都感到驚訝。“我們只見過一次面,而且那次見面是正式的、謙虛的、沒有趣味的,”他宣稱。當他離開時,凱特承諾如果他們聽到這對夫婦躲在屏風後面說話,就會解開這個謎團。與此同時,託尼一直在有意地領著他的母親和表妹在房子裡繞圈子,而她們卻沒有注意到。當託尼像對待陌生人一樣與他的父親說話時,他的母親害怕土匪,跑出去躲在一棵樹後面,直到她再也堅持不住,驚呼道:“哦,天哪!他會謀殺我的可憐的孩子,我的心肝寶貝!來吧,好心人,把你的怒火發洩在我身上。拿走我的錢,我的生命,但請饒了那個年輕人,如果你們有任何憐憫,請饒了我的孩子。”在屏風後面觀察查爾斯和凱特,馬洛驚訝地聽到他兒子前所未有的雄辯,之後哈德卡斯爾出現,向查爾斯驚訝地揭示,查爾斯一直追求的不是女招待,而是他的女兒。當喬治和康斯坦斯出現在哈德卡斯爾夫婦面前時,查爾斯很高興看到他們得到應有的回報。

時間:1760年代。地點:英國。
文字位於 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46630 http://www.kobobooks.com/ebook/The-good-naturd-man-She/book-LMpPxAPWFUaPH0qCQR3yvQ/page1.html
威廉·霍尼伍德爵士擔心他侄子善良的天性過於頻繁地導致他陷入債務。為了考驗他侄子的朋友,他向賈維斯(侄子的僕人)宣佈,他打算叫來一名執行官以債務為由逮捕他。霍尼伍德(侄子)愛上了裡奇蘭小姐,她是克魯克爾的富有的受託人,克魯克爾卻打算讓她嫁給自己的兒子利昂廷。但利昂廷愛著另一個女人奧利維亞,他在法國遇到了她,當時他打算接回他的姐姐,他的姐姐從小就和克魯克爾的姐姐住在一起。克魯克爾並不知道,利昂廷從法國回來時帶著奧利維亞,奧利維亞假裝是利昂廷的姐姐。儘管父親鼓勵他,利昂廷對裡奇蘭小姐的追求卻缺乏熱情,裡奇蘭小姐發現了利昂廷關於奧利維亞的秘密,便假裝對他的求婚感興趣。與此同時,克魯克爾收到他姐姐的一封信,信中宣佈他的女兒已訂婚,即將嫁給一位擁有鉅額財富的英國紳士。裡奇蘭小姐又出現了一位追求者:洛夫蒂,他聽說有傳言說她愛霍尼伍德,便派她去見“目前處於悲慘境地”的霍尼伍德。克魯克爾誤解了信中的人,溫和地責備奧利維亞對她訂婚的事情如此保密,而奧利維亞以為自己的秘密被發現了,對克魯克爾似乎贊成她與兒子的婚姻感到欣喜若狂。當利昂廷像她一樣高興地進來,公開宣稱自己的愛意時,克魯克爾簡直不敢相信自己的耳朵。“娶奧利維亞!娶自己的姐姐!當然,這孩子一定是瘋了,”他斷定道。這對夫婦被迫收回他們彼此的聲稱,發誓要逃到蘇格蘭結婚,並得到霍尼伍德的“建議和幫助”。由於他叔叔的陰謀,霍尼伍德看到兩名執行官進來和他說話時感到很痛苦。為了避免尷尬,他付錢給兩人,讓他們假扮軍官,但裡奇蘭小姐也發現了這個把戲。她遇到了喬裝打扮的威廉·霍尼伍德爵士,他告訴了她自己的真實身份,以及洛夫蒂在獲取她從政府財政部獲得的財富方面虛偽的藉口。洛夫蒂在威廉爵士本人之前假裝認識威廉爵士,無意中暴露了自己。然後,賈維斯告訴他,按照他兒子的命令,他必須陪同利昂廷和奧利維亞一起逃往蘇格蘭。由於他叔叔的干預,霍尼伍德被釋放出執行官的監禁。洛夫蒂發現霍尼伍德不知道自己的恩人,便暗示這是由於他自己的緣故。作為回報,他讓霍尼伍德為了他而追求裡奇蘭小姐,善良的霍尼伍德勉強同意了。與此同時,賈維斯告訴奧利維亞,霍尼伍德與他承諾的相反,無法為她和利昂廷的婚姻提供經濟支援。她給她的愛人寫了一封憤怒的信,但意外地被克魯克爾截獲,克魯克爾完全誤解了信的內容,認為自己受到不明人士的威脅,“被選中成為火藥陰謀的目標”。當裡奇蘭小姐聽到霍尼伍德為洛夫蒂說話時,她生氣地宣佈:“霍尼伍德先生,讓我告訴你,你誤解了我的感受和你自己。當我第一次尋求你的友誼時,我期待得到建議和幫助;但現在,先生,我發現指望一個對自己如此糟糕的經濟學家獲得幸福是徒勞的,我必須否認那個不再做自己朋友的人的友誼。”當克魯克爾向霍尼伍德透露他對被不明人士襲擊的恐懼時,他這樣建議他:“這封信需要20幾尼婭放在塔爾博特旅館的吧檯上。如果它確實是一封縱火信,那麼你我,先生,去那裡,當寫信的人來領取他期望的贓物時,抓住他。”但當利昂廷發現霍尼伍德缺乏資金,並且他的父親似乎受他的指使出現在旅館裡時,他懷疑朋友背叛了他,並向他發起決鬥,卻被克魯克爾誤把郵差當成縱火犯的喊叫聲打斷了。奧利維亞最終不得不承認她不是克魯克爾的女兒。與此同時,裡奇蘭小姐知道霍尼伍德在旅館裡,便把威廉帶到那裡,在那裡,他告訴克魯克爾奧利維亞的真實身份是一位騎士和他的朋友的女兒,這使得克魯克爾同意兒子與她結婚。然後,霍尼伍德告訴裡奇蘭小姐他要離開英國,讓洛夫蒂成為他本該佔據的位置的主宰,但洛夫蒂再次無意中暴露了自己是偽裝她事務的冒牌貨,因此,霍尼伍德最終可以自由地娶她了。

同樣具有喜劇趣味的是“狂野的燕麥”(1791年),這部作品由另一位愛爾蘭人約翰·奧基夫(1747-1833年)創作。
“這部戲展現了年輕的哈里·桑德如何一時衝動,逃離朴茨茅斯學院,加入了一個巡迴演出的劇團。我們原本可以期待一幅有趣的畫面,但公眾的偏見將主要情節限制在體面的社會中。只有流浪者這個角色,這個不可抑制且一貧如洗的喜劇演員,才是以真正的喜劇精神構思的”(Routh,1932年,第281-282頁)。“各種各樣的愛情陰謀幾乎涉及所有主要角色:雙重失而復得的兒童陰謀涉及哈里·桑德和流浪者,前者只是短暫地失蹤並被短暫地誤認,後者,結果證明幾乎一生都在失蹤”(福斯特,2010年,第83頁)。

時間:1790年代。地點:英國。
文字在https://archive.org/details/wildoats00okee http://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20120303
喬治·桑德爵士支付了三名逃脫的水手的入伍費,現在正在尋找他們。他還想看看他的兒子哈里,於是派他的僕人約翰去朴茨茅斯的海軍學院接他。喬治爵士遇到了貴格會信徒以法蓮·史密斯,以及他的侄女阿瑪蘭斯夫人,她也是一位貴格會信徒,一位富有的女繼承人,因此是作為兒媳的絕佳選擇。哈里離開了學院,在劇院追求演藝生涯,但現在想回家,於是向他的同事兼朋友傑克·流浪者告別。在去赴約的路上,傑克在雨中得到了班克斯的庇護,班克斯以前是牧師,但現在沒有聖職,與他的妹妹艾米莉亞一起生活在貧困中。班克斯沒有錢償還農民加蒙的債務,加蒙威脅要把他關進監獄,直到這位前牧師償還部分債務,其餘部分由阿瑪蘭斯承諾支付,阿瑪蘭斯尋求讓村裡的窮人生活更容易。傑克接下來到達一家客棧,在那裡他再次遇到了加蒙,加蒙正在尋找他承諾借用穀倉作為臨時劇場的演員們。為了準備乘坐馬車旅行,傑克告訴店主他的姓氏:桑德。當約翰閱讀乘客名單時,他誤以為傑克是哈里。傑克假裝是喬治爵士的兒子,跟著約翰乘坐阿瑪蘭斯的馬車,因為他愛上了她。由於傑克答應了演員們與他們一起演出,阿瑪蘭斯允許他們在她的喬遷宴會上招待她富有的鄰居,所得款項用於慈善事業。碰巧的是,喬治爵士在同一間客棧遇到了哈里,並告訴他打算讓他娶阿瑪蘭斯。令他驚訝的是,哈里也找到了傑克,傑克告訴他,他假裝是哈里是為了跟隨阿瑪蘭斯,儘管沒有希望,因為他卑微的出身配不上她。為了繼續這個玩笑,哈里編造了一個故事,說他變成了一個冒險家,在喬治(一個假扮他父親的同夥)的幫助下獲得阿瑪蘭斯的愛。此外,哈里向阿瑪蘭斯介紹自己是一名演員,並警告她說喬治打算斷絕兒子的繼承權,因此假裝自己是一個冒名頂替者,所有這一切都在傑克遇到喬治時取得了良好的效果。在她家,阿瑪蘭斯得知她的管家把班克斯和艾米莉亞趕出了小屋,但她承諾會照顧他們。艾米莉亞告訴她,很久以前,她嫁給了一位海員,這位海員在認為她被一位假牧師欺騙,在儀式上履行職責時拋棄了她,而實際上這位牧師是她哥哥,當時有神職。在困境時期,她還失去一個兒子。與此同時,喬治侮辱了傑克,傑克向他發起決鬥,這時三名逃脫的水手出現了。其中一人知道他正在尋找他們,便奪走了喬治的手槍,準備向他開槍,這時傑克救了他,並追趕了這三個人。然而,當這三名惡棍說服鄉下人說他搶劫了他們時,他被逮捕了。喬治現在準備去營救他的救星,這時他遇到了艾米莉亞,班克斯告訴他,他確實娶了她。當他作為治安官走上前來審問傑克的兩名指控者時,他們認出了他,逃走了。在進一步詢問傑克時,他高興地發現這個人是他很久以前被艾米莉亞遺失的兒子。

“通往毀滅的道路”(1792年)是托馬斯·霍爾克羅夫特(1745-1809年)創作的另一部特別成功的喜劇。
“劇情圍繞家庭關係和商業利益展開。儘管這對英國悲劇或喜劇來說都不是新鮮事,但對霍爾克羅夫特來說卻是新的。而且,他既有理論又有早期的實踐,都贊成真正的喜劇,但卻被感傷主義的潮流席捲,並直接向中產階級呼籲,這一情況表明中產階級的需求即使是在劇院裡也日益增強。感傷主義是這部喜劇中如此普遍的特點,以至於所有情節都圍繞著多恩頓的父愛衝動和哈里高尚的孝順之愛展開。商業謹慎與父愛之間的每一個困境都透過內心的衝動得到解決”(斯塔爾鮑默,1936年,第51頁)。
威廉姆森(1956年,第157頁)認為,“通往毀滅之路”這部劇作為那個時代的喜劇佳作,娛樂性十足,沒有經典風格的 претензии……[並且]憑藉其高昂計程車氣和表演部分證明了其復興的合理性:如今並非所有喜劇都像這部劇一樣充滿活力,或者情節如此精心設計。
“這部劇展現了即使是商人,比如銀行家多頓先生和他的首席職員薩爾基先生,也在其古板的外表下隱藏著人類的心靈;即使是揮霍無度的浪子,比如多頓的兒子哈里,儘管魯莽,卻也擁有慷慨的責任感。當哈里的揮霍最終導致人們爭相擠兌他父親的銀行時,這個年輕人決心透過迎娶富有的沃倫夫人來挽救銀行,儘管他真正愛的是她的女兒。劇情的一半發生在那個令人討厭的寡婦豪華的宅邸裡,諷刺了她的惡性迴圈,尤其是那個愚蠢的時髦人物戈芬奇,他總是喋喋不休地說著‘那就是你的型別’,他渴望獲得寡婦的財富來償還債務。最後,薩爾基的堅定忠誠挽救了銀行。哈里在經歷了教訓後,可以自由地娶他心儀的女孩,而沃倫夫人則因發現一份新的遺囑而被剝奪了繼承權”(勞斯,1932年,第277頁)。
“該劇在早期的受歡迎程度的關鍵因素是戈芬奇。這是一個全新且原創的角色,本身對情節發展並不至關重要,但因其為舞臺帶來的語言活力而顯得非凡且令人難忘,他斷斷續續的表達方式展現了伴隨社會流動努力而產生的焦慮和不安……政治的時代性,與皇室的相似之處以及革命的共鳴,都被他舞臺形象帶來的陣陣歡笑所掩蓋”(加奈,2023年,第48頁)。

時間:1790年代。地點:英國倫敦。
文字位於 https://archive.org/details/roadtoruincomedy00holc https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.515512
多頓從報紙文章中得知他兒子兼公司合夥人哈里的債務後,擔心公司的信譽。哈里與他的朋友米爾福德一起到來,後者擔心多頓要逮捕他。“他曾威脅要把我從公司除名,並把我逐出家門一千次,”哈里漫不經心地承認。但這次他的父親確實將他除名,並阻止他進入房子。米爾福德從遺囑執行人薩爾基那裡得知,他已故父親的遺失遺囑在法國被發現,並已寄給薩爾基,但尚未收到。第二天,薩爾基拜訪了寡婦沃倫夫人,為米爾福德求情,儘管米爾福德只是她已故丈夫的私生子。她拒絕提供幫助。當哈里來到房子時,他遇到了她與前夫所生的女兒索菲婭,他與她調情,談論情人節的主題,告訴她可以秘密傳遞情人節禮物的方式,比如放在李子蛋糕裡。另一位賭徒戈芬奇來到這裡拜訪寡婦。他和哈里都與寡婦調情,想從她那裡得到錢,但出於任性,她拒絕見他們中的任何一個。當米爾福德宣佈一場網球比賽時,三個人都衝出去,在比賽上下注,但米爾福德因債務被捕。當他派人把訊息告訴哈里時,哈里拒絕前往。後來,戈芬奇從一個放貸者西爾基那裡得知,沃倫的遺囑價值15萬英鎊,由於名字只差一個字母,被錯誤地寄給了他而不是薩爾基。西爾基建議他們利用這個錯誤,從寡婦那裡獲得一份結婚承諾書,戈芬奇同意了。在得知米爾福德被捕後,西爾基做出了商業安排,以利用這種情況。此外,他告訴沃倫寡婦,他擁有她已故丈夫的遺囑。“我已經與我的朋友戈芬奇先生討論過這件事,他認為,對於這樣一個如此重要的秘密,幾乎可以一掃而空,我應該獲得三分之一,”他宣稱。“你是一個非常令人震驚的老守財奴,西爾基先生,一個非常令人厭惡的人,你曾經有過的愛心都變成了石頭,”她回答。“你對一雙漂亮的眼睛的力量毫無感覺。但我已經贏得了一場征服,讓我超出了你的掌控。我的意思是嫁給多頓先生。”當戈芬奇向她求婚時,她拒絕了,但並沒有排除未來任何希望的可能性。與此同時,多頓被哈里的債權人淹沒了。他憤怒地衝著兒子喊道:“你怎麼敢把這些蝗蟲帶進來?”“絕望,先生,是一個無所畏懼的英雄,”哈里反駁道。但在他最終理解到他的債務對他父親的財務狀況造成的後果,以及他們正走在毀滅的道路上後,他漫不經心的語氣發生了改變。在出門的路上,多頓注意到哈里那悲傷的神情。“聽著,哈里。我非常高興,”他悲慘地喊道。但哈里衝出去向西爾基尋求貸款,西爾基拒絕了他,然後安排利用多頓的困境。為了幫助他的父親,哈里現在覺得他別無選擇,只能向寡婦求婚。他們的談話被索菲婭打斷,索菲婭把情人節禮物交給他,以換取他收到的李子蛋糕裡的情人節禮物。她母親粗魯地把她趕走了。為了幫助哈里擺脫絕望的困境,她借給他6000英鎊。但當得知米爾福德被捕後,哈里用這筆錢償還了米爾福德的債務,而不是償還自己的債務。當多頓從薩爾基那裡得知他的兒子收到了貸款並向寡婦求婚時,他去向她還錢。穿著灰色衣服的寡婦把他誤認為牧師,並侮辱了他。當哈里到來時,他告訴他的父親,多虧了薩爾基,他的生意得救了,薩爾基是他叔叔留下一大筆財產的繼承人。與此同時,戈芬奇告訴米爾福德,如果他支付西爾基5萬英鎊,寡婦就是他的。當米爾福德告訴薩爾基這個提議時,他斷定西爾基一定擁有遺囑。他們趕緊去阻止這筆交易,但在試圖監視騙子時,被心存疑慮的西爾基鎖在壁櫥裡,準備一旦寡婦簽署了與戈芬奇結婚的承諾,就燒掉遺囑。然而,薩爾基和米爾福德在多頓夫婦敲響房門的同時,猛烈地敲打著壁櫥門,導致西爾基的計劃失敗。

喬治·科爾曼(老)(1732-1794年)創作的《嫉妒的妻子》(1761年)也位列該時期喜劇之首。
在《嫉妒的妻子》中,“雖然奧克利夫人是嫉妒妻子的典型代表(‘全是衝動和怒火;一個裝滿火藥和導火索的彈藥庫’),奧克利先生(‘我對她的愛讓我變得如此愚蠢,以至於我從來沒有勇氣反駁她’)不僅僅是一個受氣包丈夫……科爾曼給了他同情,這是他絕不可能從約翰遜那裡得到的……然而,有兩個角色不僅同樣適合性格喜劇和風俗喜劇,而且也恰如約翰遜和孔格里夫所描繪的那樣。他們是鄉紳亨利·拉塞特和鄉下準男爵哈里·比格爾爵士。每個人都有自己的約翰遜式的執念,拉塞特對女兒的奉獻(‘如果我傷了她的心,我也會讓她幸福的’),比格爾對體育運動的熱愛(‘這個笨蛋除了獵犬、獵馬、五障礙門和賽馬之外,腦子裡沒有任何想法’)……另外兩個角色顯然是普遍的型別,查爾斯·奧克利(具有‘狂野性格’但心地善良的年輕人)和大衛·奧克利(‘一個放蕩不羈的單身漢,一個頭腦簡單的暴徒’,由於在酒館和營地裡汲取觀念,他比任何丈夫都瞭解女性)。在這方面,也許最有趣的是奧卡特(‘一個十足的海怪’,‘他總是看起來和說話都像在甲板上’)……最後,還有一個完全正直的角色,那就是哈里特·拉塞特,一個性格和舉止都毫無趣味的女孩”(盧卡斯,1951年,第49-50頁)。
“在科爾曼的《嫉妒的妻子》中出現了那個迷人的惡棍,皇家海軍上尉奧卡特,他透過特林克特勳爵的影響被任命為監管上尉,試圖透過徵召一些吵鬧的馬伕來回報恩情。雖然這位誠實的軍官並不知情,但受害者是女主人公哈里特的父親和情人,勳爵正計劃在他們的自然保護者處於困境時綁架她。上尉意外地交換了兩封信,並揭露了陰謀:‘該死,不是我,我根本沒讀過。’他有點像一個好戰分子:‘小特倫斯·奧卡特從不失敗,信仰,當需要割喉時。’他完全用海軍交戰的術語生動地描述了一場抓壯丁的戰鬥,顯然欽佩對手的勇氣,儘管其中一人傷了他的‘右舷眼’”(沃森,1931年,第188-189頁)。
“奧克利夫人旨在諷刺軍方的濫用武力和他們濫用職權的方式。簡而言之,角色們對她威脅和辱罵的誇大,為軍事幹預提供了藉口……奧克利夫人指控她的丈夫有許多婚外情……儘管她的丈夫一再否認,但她還是在整個劇中一直懷抱著這些關於丈夫的幻想;他顯得優柔寡斷、平庸,除了在劇初的爆發之外,基本上無關緊要。透過將奧克利先生與他的妻子並置,科爾曼似乎是想引起人們對她活力的關注。此外,奧克利夫人創造了這些看似被軍隊貶低的人物生動的版本……奧克利先生容易受到男性製造的虛構故事的影響,無論這些故事多麼荒謬。哈麗特父親的憤怒信讀起來就像一部聳人聽聞的小說。哈麗特一生從未違背過父親的意願,她私奔的想法似乎很荒謬。然而,奧克利從未質疑過這種說法,甚至強調了聳人聽聞的措辭,忽略了上下文……因此,這部戲劇在一定程度上展現了,隨著感性男性作為英國文化中一種新的身份出現,女性如何抓住他們的敏感性,即使不是在公共領域發揮權力,也在加強她們在家中的控制,並限制男性在其他地方的自由”(範雷嫩,2020 年,第 55-59 頁)。
老科爾曼“是18世紀後期那些聲譽在過去因對戈德史密斯和謝里丹的過分推崇而受損的更重要的劇作家之一”(巴德,1936 年,第 574 頁)。

時間:1760 年代。地點:英國倫敦。
文字參見 https://archive.org/details/britishtheatre20bell https://archive.org/details/jealouswifecomed00colm https://archive.org/details/wifecomed00colmjealousrich
奧克利嫉妒的妻子發現一封信,信中亨利·拉塞特指控她無辜的丈夫與自己的女兒哈麗特私奔,並因此糾纏丈夫。在哥哥(一位陸軍少校)面前,奧克利反過來指控他們的侄子查爾斯,但查爾斯也是無辜的。查爾斯發現哈麗特為了避免嫁給哈里爵士而逃離了父親的家,並懷疑她藏在她姑媽弗裡洛夫夫人的家中。當他去尋找她時,奧克利提議這對年輕夫婦留在他們的保護之下。“什麼,把我當作你的方便的女人!”奧克利夫人在又一次嫉妒的憤怒中驚呼,認為這個建議是她丈夫獲得情婦恩惠的藉口。弗裡洛夫夫人確實把哈麗特留在她的房子裡,但儘管女孩厭惡,她也打算把她嫁出去,不是嫁給哈里,而是嫁給她的朋友:特林克特勳爵。當這位夫人收到哈里的來信以及一些城裡閒話時,她故意讓哈麗特與渴望得到她青睞的特林克特勳爵在一起,後者因求愛失敗而憤怒,與她爭吵,這時查爾斯走了進來。看到混亂,他拔出了劍。他們打了起來,女孩趁機逃脫。心煩意亂的弗裡洛夫夫人重新進來,將他們分開,並命令她的侄子出去。哈里失望地發現,這個固執的女孩在他終於找到她的時候逃跑了。為了擺脫哈麗特的父親和求婚者,特林克特勳爵請求奧卡特船長強制他們加入女王陛下的軍隊。他還要求他向查爾斯發出挑戰。船長欣然同意了這兩項命令。弗裡洛夫夫人則告訴奧克利夫人哈麗特已經走了,並暗示奧克利可能是她的秘密情人。哈麗特無處可去,絕望地請求奧克利收留她,但奧克利擔心妻子的嫉妒,被迫拒絕。她痛苦地懇求他讓她留下。“我永遠毀了,”她哭泣著,奧克利夫人無意中聽到了他們的談話,完全誤解了,更加糾纏她的丈夫。當哈麗特的父親出現時,她因痛苦而昏厥。奧克利的妻子和亨利指責奧克利試圖勾引哈麗特,直到一個醉醺醺的查爾斯打斷他們。看到他的狀況,沮喪的哈麗特跟隨她的父親而不是她不幸的求婚者。在少校面前,奧卡特船長向查爾斯發出了挑戰,但他交給了查爾斯錯誤的信,那是特林克特勳爵寫給弗裡洛夫夫人的信,揭示了哈麗特在一家客棧的下落,在那裡,哈里終於有機會向她求婚。她拒絕了。當查爾斯出現時,她因他的醉酒行為而拒絕跟隨他。但當特林克特勳爵出現時,她被迫這樣做。為了促成哈麗特的父親與特林克特勳爵的婚姻,弗裡洛夫夫人提議特林克特勳爵釋放被奧卡特船長的同夥囚禁的哈麗特的父親和哈里。亨利和哈里與特林克特勳爵一起回到了奧克利家,與他們的女兒團聚。亨利得知哈里因哈麗特消極的態度而灰心喪氣,他把哈麗特的所有權換給了特林克特勳爵換取一匹馬,感到非常沮喪。亨利解僱了特林克特勳爵,因為查爾斯向他展示了特林克特勳爵寫給弗裡洛夫夫人的信,而這封信被錯誤地送到了他自己的手上。因此,亨利接受查爾斯作為哈麗特的丈夫。當奧克利夫人得知他們打算結婚時,她與丈夫和解,並承諾糾正自己的嫉妒情緒。

"美人計"(1780 年),漢娜·考利(1743-1809 年)最成功的喜劇,呼應了法夸爾的"花花公子計"(1707 年),但實際上是基於菲利普·內里科特·德斯圖什(1680-1754 年)的"假阿涅斯"(1759 年)。
"這部戲的標題所指的計策,是‘她屈尊求勝’主題的眾多變體之一……萊蒂霞·哈迪的計策是雙重的:她與多里科特訂婚,後者漫不經心地完成了法律上的初步手續。她決定採用浪漫的權宜之計,首先假裝成一個笨拙的鄉下丫頭來讓他厭惡自己;其次,在萬神殿的時尚化裝舞會上,以一個時髦的陌生人的身份迷住他……多里科特也是一個愛炫耀的角色;當他被萊蒂霞的粗俗和粗魯徹底厭惡時,他就像《愛情至上》中的瓦倫丁一樣,假裝瘋了……大多數的情節都是早期作家的戲劇陳詞濫調,但人物卻屬於他們自己的時代”(羅茲,1929 年,第 130-131 頁)。
“戲劇的主要困擾源於一個想法,一些評論家聲稱這個想法是從瑪麗亞在《市民》中使用的類似計策中借鑑來的,但如果這個提示是從[亞瑟]墨菲的鬧劇中借鑑來的,那麼目標就是新穎的,而且肯定非常原創。萊蒂霞·哈迪用來贏得多里科特感情的手段再荒謬、再不自然、再令人作嘔不過了,但連續的觀眾卻為這些場景中展現的精神所陶醉,忽略了它們的缺陷,因此很明顯,在舞臺上,技巧嫻熟的筆者可以不受懲罰地違背自然。美人計的魅力在於一些非常巧妙的人物素描,以及對話的生動、尖銳和優雅。女主人公本人,作者將其作為一位擁有卓越理解力和敏銳感受力的女性的精緻剋制的典範,因一種可愛的羞怯而無法展示她的才華,完全失敗了。沒有一個真正害羞的女人會越過謙虛的界限,屈服於她所使用的粗俗的伎倆;萊蒂霞·哈迪必須被歸類為那些完全屬於舞臺的女主人公,她們在舞臺燈光之外根本不存在。這個角色通常由希望有機會展示滑稽幽默的女演員選擇,但更有判斷力的女演員更喜歡雷克特夫人的角色,這是戲劇中對時髦女性的最完美的素描之一;她對貴夫人的描述被認為值得西伯或謝里丹稱讚。多里科特也刻畫得非常好,描繪一個完美的紳士而不陷入平庸的難度得到了克服。弗拉特是馬普洛特的愉悅復活,而老哈迪則是一位功績超群的舞臺父親。弗朗西斯夫人的角色也非常有趣,並推薦了一個其他的次要情節,否則由於與該劇的主要主題無關而令人反感。考利夫人的劇中人物通常擠滿了走馬燈似的紳士和女士;在本例中,我們有薩維爾、庫爾塔爾和喬治·塔奇伍德爵士,每個人都在一定程度上促成了主要的設計,但沒有一個足夠重要到可以交給優秀的演員,這種情況總是對戲劇有害的,在很多情況下甚至致命。奧格爾小姐是那些總是出現在觀眾面前,但臺詞很少,幾乎沒有事情可做的無足輕重的人之一,因此與那些至少沒有機會破壞場景的純粹的小角色區分開來”(鄧納姆,1836 年,第 3 卷,第 372-373 頁)。
其他一些評論家不同意達勒姆 (1836) 的觀點,即萊蒂夏的角色是一個失敗的角色。“萊蒂夏利用多里科特認為每個面具背後都存在本質的假設,將自己塑造成他渴望的物件,同時也積極地滿足著自己的慾望。在第二次見面時,萊蒂夏透過裝傻取得了多里科特的絕對輕蔑後,她戴上面具喬裝打扮,並在化妝舞會上誘惑了他。為了分散多里科特拼命試圖揭開面具下人物身份的注意力,萊蒂夏與他進行了一場關於婚姻的機智的唇槍舌戰……多里科特試圖奪取萊蒂夏面具的絕望嘗試正是體現了這種想法,因為它假定可以穿透面具背後存在的‘事物本身’,只等待被置於他的觀賞控制之下。然而,萊蒂夏成功地抵制了這種奪取,表明了她難以捉摸的特性”(弗里曼,2002 年,第 181 頁)。
“多里科特最初對萊蒂夏的冷淡反應是由他在歐洲大陸與女性的經歷所塑造的……儘管萊蒂夏稱自己是‘他的奴隸’,是她熱情的無助受害者(1.4.131),但她仍然成為旨在教育這位英雄擁有啟蒙時代英國紳士應有慾望的改革陰謀中的積極參與者。總之,多里科特必須學會看到並欣賞一位英國淑女的微妙魅力。就像這一時期許多涉及身份錯誤的喜劇一樣,《美女的策略》中的化妝舞會場景對於測試、發現和改革的情節至關重要,而化妝舞會的危險則是劇中討論的話題,甚至成為社會身份模糊的隱喻……年齡身份被掩蓋或偽造的容易程度是喬治·塔奇伍德爵士表達的一種焦慮……然而,萊蒂夏將戲劇化的社會表演作為她自己關於身份的個人喜劇的模型……在這個發現場景中,萊蒂夏揭示了她的小策略,聲稱這是由女性的謙遜(一種國家和個人特徵)所迫使的,這種特徵最初使她在他面前隱藏起來”(拉德,2022 年,第 103-106 頁)。
“喬治爵士不信任發現他的妻子弗朗西斯夫人與女性在一起,抱怨說‘她到處可見,唯獨不在自己的家裡’。儘管她的朋友卡羅琳可能助長賭博等不良習慣,但整個女性在家庭之外娛樂自己的事情以一種相當積極的方式呈現,提倡一種世界主義勝過地方主義”(華萊士,2001-02 年,第 424-425 頁)。

時間:1780 年代。地點:英格蘭。
文字位於 https://archive.org/details/britishdramaaco03unkngoog https://archive.org/details/bellesstratagemc00cowlrich http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47604 http://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20141207
在最近與萊蒂夏見面並由父母安排成為未婚夫後,多里科特並不感到印象深刻,認為她是一個典型的沉悶的英國女孩。他的朋友薩維爾對此觀點感到驚訝。“她應該有精神!熱情!活潑的氣質!”多里科特喊道。“那一點東西,那什麼東西,每個人都能感受到,但沒有人能描述,存在於義大利和法國那些不可抗拒的魅力之中。”萊蒂夏方面也同樣感到沮喪。“一個結婚十五個月的人不可能用更尖刻的冷漠來審視我,”她向她的朋友卡羅琳·拉凱特宣稱。令她的父親哈迪先生驚訝的是,萊蒂夏設計了一個策略,讓自己顯得膽小和愚蠢,從而確定她的愛人是否真的能夠學會愛她。多里科特拜訪了最近與弗朗西斯夫人結婚的喬治·塔奇伍德爵士。但在嫉妒的驅使下,喬治爵士阻止了他的朋友見到她。卡羅琳和她的朋友奧格爾小姐邀請弗朗西斯夫人和她們一起去玩。“來吧,我們和你一起去送幾張卡片,然後去拍賣行,然後我們開車去肯辛頓;我們五點鐘回家換衣服,晚上我會陪你去參加化妝舞會,”卡羅琳建議道。但喬治反對這樣的計劃,並在看到他猶豫不決的妻子與這兩個女人出去時變得沮喪。正按照計劃,在接下來與她的意中人見面時,萊蒂夏在多里科特的眼中顯得膽小和愚蠢,這讓他更加灰心喪氣,但仍然願意參加布里蘭特夫人的化妝舞會。與此同時,薩維爾的朋友庫特爾打算在那裡與弗朗西斯調情。曾經把她視為自己的愛人,薩維爾對這個計劃感到厭惡。庫特爾命令他的僕人查明喬治將穿哪套服裝,以便他可以穿上同樣的服裝,但薩維爾攔截了他的僕人,瞭解了這個計劃,並安排了一個妓女穿上與弗朗西斯相同的服裝。在化妝舞會上,多里科特被一位戴面具的女性的外貌和才智所吸引,卻不知道那是萊蒂夏。卡羅琳決定這兩個人應該在今晚結婚。“假裝自己病得很重,”她建議她的父親,“派人去叫多里科特,告訴他除非你首先看到儀式完成,否則你無法安然離世。”就在庫特爾成功地囚禁了他認為是弗朗西斯的人,並向他的朋友們炫耀他的征服時,他發現她是一個妓女,並因此感到羞愧而離開了這個國家。為了擺脫婚姻,多里科特假裝自己瘋了,但這個計劃被薩維爾發現,他將其透露給了卡羅琳和其他人。但當多里科特被帶到哈迪的病床前時,他失去了勇氣去否認他的女兒。相反,哈迪沮喪地準備迎接他的婚姻厄運,直到他發現萊蒂夏就是他如此著迷的那位戴面具的女人,這時他看起來像往常一樣健康,並祝賀這對夫婦即將舉行的婚禮。

這個時期值得注意的一部情節劇包括托馬斯·莫頓(1764-1838)的《犁快行》(1798)。
儘管莫頓的“作品被當時流行的陰鬱和怪誕的德國風格所毀,但他確實擁有真正的幽默精神,並在他的眾多角色中展現了極大的多樣性。他的一些戲劇仍然在舞臺上保留著,也就是說,當需要做出犧牲時,即需要對合法性表示敬意時,偶爾會被重新上演。他的角色都彼此不同,特徵鮮明,由一種獨特的活力所推動,這種活力彌補了許多誇張之處,並推動了劇情的發展。《治情傷》、《犁快行》和《法定繼承人》確實是令人愉快的作品,如果表演得當,會給人留下愉悅的感覺。鮑勃·漢迪和埃貝爾爵士從不乏味;還有阿什菲爾德農夫,以及在那裡首次引用了永恆的格蘭迪夫人的鄉下人。即使是令人沮喪的菲利普·布蘭福德爵士——舞臺上最早的邪惡男爵之一,他透過拿出‘刀和血布’來檢視其罪行的證據來撫慰自己的悔恨——也成為了其他人的歡快活力的陪襯”(菲茨傑拉德,1870 年,第 126-127 頁)。
“阿什菲爾德夫人經常提及格蘭迪夫人,這使得這個名字變得家喻戶曉”(勞斯,1932 年,第 281 頁)。“阿什菲爾德夫人對格蘭迪夫人的過度恐懼……對世界作為審查者的非批判性恐懼做出了真正滑稽的反映。另一方面,這部戲劇中出現了一個邪惡的男爵和一個最終變好的男爵(世界變得更好了),還有一條行動路線宣揚了鄉村勞動的崇高性。也就是說,除了有趣的觀察之外,還堅持強調哪些事情不可為以及人們應該做什麼。這種使命感——反對不法行為,提出解決方案,列出清單——從 18 世紀的戲劇開始,幾乎主導了 19 世紀的戲劇”(海爾曼,1978b 年,第 101-102 頁)。
“在阿什菲爾德農夫的角色中……劣等演員放縱他們缺乏辨別力的能力,將每個鄉下人描繪成一個懶散粗俗的鄉巴佬,因為,由於他們只抓住表面現象,所以他們必須誇大這些現象來彌補更徹底模仿的不足。埃默裡先生理解鄉村的各種層次:他的阿什菲爾德農夫,儘管它偶爾會因其隨意性和缺乏城市禮儀而引發我們的歡笑,但卻是男子氣概的,並且值得尊重:就像一個家庭的主人一樣,他似乎總是關注周圍人的事務,並且從未因娛樂觀眾而忘記自己的角色,從而打破了他自然的關懷和工作”(亨特,1894 年版,第 55 頁)。

時間:1790年代。地點:英國。
文字位於 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19407 http://archive.org/details/speedtheplough19407gut
菲利普·布蘭福德爵士離開二十年後返回,準備將他的獨生女兒艾瑪嫁給艾貝爾·漢迪爵士的兒子羅伯特。艾貝爾娶了內莉,她是農民托馬斯·阿什菲爾德和他的妻子家裡的前僕人。為了給托馬斯留下好印象,羅伯特打算向他展示如何揮舞棍棒,但農民一擊就把他打倒了。然後,羅伯特得知托馬斯是他心愛的女人蘇珊的父親。當內莉·漢迪夫人到來時,她被阿什菲爾德一家粗俗的行為嚇了一跳,聽到羅伯特過於隨便的講話也感到不悅。當阿什菲爾德一家看到蘇珊讀完羅伯特的一封信後哭泣時,他們打開了她的私人盒子閱讀信件,但隨後托馬斯為自己這種偷偷摸摸的行為感到羞愧,反而詢問了蘇珊此事,蘇珊透露她被誤導以為他愛她,但現在看來並非如此。儘管艾貝爾對他的新發明(一種特殊的犁)抱有希望,但在犁地比賽中獲勝的不是羅伯特,而是亨利,一個在阿什菲爾德農場長大的私生子,他獲得了艾瑪頒發的獎章,並有機會參觀她父親的城堡。但當菲利普看到獲勝者時,他從容貌上認出了他的父親,並立即命令他離開。他向女兒解釋說,在結婚前,他幾乎輸掉了所有家產給一個名叫莫林頓的人。婚禮第二天,他的妻子收到了一筆來自匿名人士的大筆郵件。他還得到了第二個來源的幫助。“艾貝爾·漢迪提議透過婚姻聯合我們的家族,並考慮到他所說的我們聯盟的榮譽,同意償還我所有財產上的所有債務,並將它們作為你的嫁妝和他的兒子的財產,”他進一步解釋道。然而,莫林頓及其代理人從未對他的財產提出任何索賠。但是,他沒有透露他離開該國二十年的原因。“我會滿足你的所有願望,”艾瑪承諾道。為了進一步疏遠亨利,菲利普提議放棄托馬斯欠他的債務,以換取趕走這個男孩,但他拒絕了。與此同時,艾貝爾驚訝地得知,內莉曾與城堡的一名僕人結婚,該僕人出國後去世。當托馬斯透露菲利普的提議時,他的妻子主動出售她的絲綢長袍。“我會穿著粗布長袍去教堂,”她補充道,“讓格倫迪太太盡情地翹起鼻子吧,”指的是她的對手以及教區的道德標準。幫助以莫林頓的形式出現,莫林頓在得知菲利普的威脅後,給了亨利菲利普的債券,這將解除農民的債務並防止他破產。當亨利將債券呈交給菲利普時,他告訴菲利普,莫林頓懇求他不要把女兒嫁給一個她不喜歡的人。憤怒的菲利普告訴亨利,莫林頓是個騙子,於是亨利撕毀了債券。菲利普深感內疚,向羅伯特透露了亨利的出身,他是他即將結婚的女人與他弟弟發生關係後所生,該女人在分娩後去世,而他弟弟則被他出於嫉妒而殺害。儘管揹負著這些秘密,羅伯特還是提議與蘇珊結婚,蘇珊在父母的同意下接受了。“我說,托馬斯,格倫迪太太會怎麼說呢?”阿什菲爾德太太得意地問道。艾貝爾得知此事後感到驚訝,這打亂了他針對菲利普的計劃。他更加驚訝,但他欣然接受了莫林頓的代理人傑拉爾德的提議,以換取一大筆錢擺脫他不再愛的妻子。當內莉到來時,她看到她假定已死的丈夫還活著,感到震驚,幾乎和艾貝爾一樣欣喜若狂。後來,他仍然熱衷於發明,意外地點燃了城堡的一間房間,艾瑪多虧亨利才得以獲救,亨利發現了一把帶血布的刀。菲利普仍然深感內疚,透露他殺害了自己的父親。在生死攸關的衝突中,亨利猶豫著該怎麼辦,這時莫林頓自稱是菲利普的兄弟,他並沒有死,而是為了彌補自己的背叛,救了他免受騙子的傷害。