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洛賓/Pro-sumti

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Pro-sumti 是描述其他 sumti 的詞語,但沒有具體提及它們——有點像英語中的“他”或“這”。與英語不同,洛賓語中 sumti 只有一個可能的解釋(“他”則沒有:有比爾和查理。他打了他。(誰打誰?))。

ri                   the last sumti, as determined by back-counting rules
              la suzyn. bajra .i ri klama la xustyn.
                             Susan runs.  She (Susan) is going to Houston
              la suzyn. rinsa la bret. .i ri melnau
                             Susan greets Bret.  He (Bret) is handsome (literally "beauty-type-man")  
ra                   a recent sumti before the last one, as determined by back-counting rules
              Usually is used as "Susan" in: la suzyn. rinsa la bret. .i ri melnau ra
                             Susan greets Bret.  He (Bret) is handsome to her (Susan).
              However, it is not required to be used in the just previous example
                             (it could refer to a sumti even before Susan)
ru            a remote past sumti, before all other in-use backcounting sumti
              Used as "ra" is to "ri"
goi                  assigns the just following pro-sumti to the just previous sumti/tanru
              assigns a pro-sumti of selma'o KOhA4 (such as: ko'a, ko'e, fo'a, fo'e, etc.)
ge'u          terminates [goi] pro-sumti assigning action (almost always elidable)
da'o                 cancels all pro-sumti assignment
da                   someone/something (unspecified but important) 1
              there exists something 1 (usually restricted)
de                   someone/something (unspecified but important) 2
              there exists something 2 (usually restricted)
di                   someone/something (unspecified but important) 3
              there exists something 3 (usually restricted)
do'i                 elliptical/unspecified utterance variable
do                   you/that to which/whom is receiving the information
do'o                 you and others/y'all/you guys
ko                   imperative you (Run! = ko bajra)
ko'a                 he/she/it/they #01 (specified by goi), gender neutral
ko'e                 he/she/it/they #02 (specified by goi), gender neutral
ko'i                 he/she/it/they #03 (specified by goi), gender neutral
ko'o                 he/she/it/they #04 (specified by goi), gender neutral
ko'u                 he/she/it/they #05 (specified by goi), gender neutral
fo'a                 he/she/it/they #06 (specified by goi), gender neutral
fo'e                 he/she/it/they #07 (specified by goi), gender neutral
fo'i                 he/she/it/they #08 (specified by goi), gender neutral
fo'o                 he/she/it/they #09 (specified by goi), gender neutral
fo'u                 he/she/it/they #10 (specified by goi), gender neutral
le go'i              the x1 of just previous bridi
le se go'i           the x2 of just previous bridi
le te go'i           the x3 of just previous bridi
le ve go'i           the x4 of just previous bridi
le xe go'i           the x5 of just previous bridi
ma                   question sumti; what is the value of this sumti slot?
              note: It does not have to literally be a number (ma klama = who/what is going?)
mi                   self-identifying pro-sumti; I
              may also be used to describe that which the user is representing 
              or for whom, the dictating person/group, one is writing: ("We the People") 
ma'a                 we; I, others, and you (includes you and others)
mi'a                 we; I and others, but not you (does not include you)
mi'o                 we; I and you, but no one else (does not include others)
ti                   this; immediate demonstrative
ta                   that; nearby demonstrative
tu                   that over there; distant
vo'a                 repeats 1st place of main bridi of this sentence
vo'e                 repeats 2nd place of main bridi of this sentence
vo'i                 repeats 3rd place of main bridi of this sentence
vo'o                 repeats 4th place of main bridi of this sentence
vo'u                 repeats 5th place of main bridi of this sentence
zi'o                 fills a sumti place, deleting it from selbri place structure
              changes selbri semantics
              nonexistant "it"
zo'e                 an elliptical/unspecified value; has some value which makes bridi true
              used to say "something unspecified and unimportant"
              equivalent to "co'e", but for sumti (instead of selbri)
zu'i                 the typical sumti value for this place in this relationship
              affects truth value
              typical "it"

其他說明和/或示例

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
  • 在任何屬於 selma'o KOhA4(ko'afo'a 等)的 cmavo 出現之後,"cu" 都是不必要的,除非語句很複雜。
  • "ri"、"ra"、"ru" 所使用的“倒數規則”不包括 selma'o KOhA4。
    • "la suzyn. goi ko'a zgani lo nanmu .i ko'a se melbi ri" = 蘇珊看到的東西實際上是一個男人(這個人)。他(這個人/lo nanmu)對蘇珊很漂亮。
  • "ra" 可以用來代替 "ri"(意思是它們都可以指代緊接其前的謂詞引數),除非 "ri" 已經在使用於預期的同指關係。
    • [lo smuci .i lo forca .i la djen. pu pilno ri .i la rik. pilno ra] = 至少存在一把湯匙。至少存在一把叉子。詹妮使用(緊接其前的 sumti = 叉子)。裡克使用(較遠的 sumti = 湯匙)。
      • 如果 "ri" 沒有出現,而是被 "ra" 代替 - [lo smuci .i lo forca .i la djen. pu pilno ra] - "ra" 可以指代“叉子”。
    • 這條規則也適用於 "ra" 和 "ru",分別地。
  • [goi] 不需要總是分配來自 KOhA4 系列的 pro-sumti
    • [lo tricu goi .ytoi (cu) melbi mi .i .ytoi banro] = 這棵樹對我來說很好看。這棵樹正在生長。
      • 在緊接其前的例子中,任何 [.ytoi] 的出現都專門指代 [lo tricu],而不是任何 [[tricu],或者其他任何東西。
    • [ko'e goi la samantas. (ge'u) (cu) melbi] = 聚會2,從此被稱為“薩曼莎”,很漂亮。
      • 緊接其前的語句等同於 [la samantas. goi ko'e (ge'u) (cu) melbi](用英語說,就是“薩曼莎,從此被稱為'聚會2',很漂亮”),因此 [goi] 是對稱的。
      • 這句話並不意味著 [ko'e] 的名字是“薩曼莎”,也不意味著 [ko'e] 通常被稱為“薩曼莎”。它只是說“薩曼莎”是一個幾乎是隨機選擇的術語,將被用來在該寫作中識別 [ko'e]。
  • [ge'u] 與 [da'o] 不同:[ge'u] 只是終止賦值操作;而 [da'o] 終止 pro-sumti 的含義,使其不再具有之前的含義。
      • [la nevil. goi ko'i ge'u (cu) dunku le du'u rirni jai fenki] = 納維爾,從此被稱為“[ko'i]”,因他父母瘋了的念頭而感到痛苦
不是:納維爾,從此被稱為“[ko'i (cu) dunku le du'u rirni jai fenki]”
      • [la nevil. da'o cu virnu] = 納維爾,不再被稱為“[ko'i]”,很勇敢
  • [le go'i] 的精確定義,以及(透過擴充套件)它的任何親屬,都是“被描述為做前一個 bridi 的東西”。
    • [le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci .i le go'i cu cadzu le bisli] = 黑貓去商店。貓(黑色的,去商店的)在冰上行走。

Pro-sumti 作為 Rafsi

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
  • 使用 pro-sumti 作為 rafsi 最突出的方式是將它們用作內部 sumti,填補它們所附加的 gismu 或 lujvo 的適當位置。
    • 因此,它們通常作為其 lujvo 中的第一個 rafsi。
    • [donta'a] ([do] = 你;[tavla] = 說話) = [tavla be do]
      • x1=tavla1 對你談論主題 x2=tavla3,使用語言 x3=tavla4
        • 因為 tavla2(收件人)已經知道是 [do](你)。
    • [donma'o] ([do] = 你;[cmavo] = 結構詞) = [cmavo be zo do]
      • x1=cmavo1 是語言 x2=cmavo4 中的第二人稱代詞
        • 因為 cmavo2 位置(語法類別)和 cmavo3 位置(含義)從上下文 [do] 中是顯而易見的。
  • 屬於 KOhA4 系列的 cmavo ([ko'a]、[ko'e]、[ko'i]...) terjvo(構成 lujvo 的謂詞引數),無法用便捷的 rafsi 形式表達,因為它們太長或形式上不方便(fu'ivla、cmene 等)。
    • [fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga] = x6 代表芬蘭文化。一首 x6 歌曲
  • 包含 [zi'o] 的 lujvo 也是可能的。簡而言之,慣例是用 [zi'o] 的 rafsi 作為字首,緊跟著要刪除的位置的數字的 rafsi。
    • 想象一種飲料(一種不考慮誰喝,如果有的話,就喝的東西)作為 [se pinxe be zi'o],對應於此的 lujvo 是 [zilrelselpinxe](刪除 [se pinxe] 的第二個位置)。以這種方式刪除 x1 位置會將所有剩餘的位置向上移動一位。
      • [zilpavypinxe] = [zilrelselpinxe]
      • [lo zilpavypinxe] = [lo zilrelselpinxe] 指的是飲料,而不是指不存在的飲用者。
  • pro-bridi [co'e']、[du] 和 [bu'a] 也擁有 rafsi,可以像使用 gismu 一樣使用它們。
    • 由此產生的 lujvo(除了以 [du] 為基礎的 lujvo)具有高度依賴於上下文的含義。
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