福島事故之後：印度角核電站何去何從？/輻射致癌

輻射致癌可能發生在電離輻射暴露後，潛伏期平均為 20 至 40 年。^[1]^[2] 各種惡性腫瘤都可能發展，最常見的是基底細胞癌，其次是鱗狀細胞癌。^[1]^[3]^[4] 風險升高僅限於輻射暴露部位。^[5] 一些研究也表明，黑色素瘤和電離輻射暴露之間可能存在因果關係。^[6] 暴露於低水平輻射所帶來的致癌風險程度存在爭議，但現有證據表明，風險增加與接收到的劑量大致成正比。^[7] 放射科醫生和放射技術員是最早接觸輻射的職業群體之一。1902 年，對最早的放射科醫生的觀察，導致了人們認識到輻射引起的皮膚癌，這是第一個與輻射相關的實體瘤。^[8] 雖然過去由醫療電離輻射引起的皮膚癌發生率更高，但也有一些證據表明，最近的醫療輻射工作者中某些癌症（特別是皮膚癌）的風險可能有所增加，這可能與特定的或不斷變化的放射學操作有關。^[8] 現有證據表明，皮膚癌的過量風險在接受照射後至少持續 45 年。^[9]

參考資料

↑ ^a ^b James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Gawkrodger DJ (2004). "Occupational skin cancers". Occup Med (Lond). 54 (7): 458–63. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh098. PMID 15486177. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hurko O, Provost TT (1999). "Neurology and the skin". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66 (4): 417–30. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.4.417. PMC 1736315. PMID 10201411. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Suárez B, López-Abente G, Martínez C; et al. (2007). "Occupation and skin cancer: the results of the HELIOS-I multicenter case-control study". BMC Public Health. 7: 180. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-180. PMC 1994683. PMID 17655745. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Lichter, et al. "Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group." Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug;136(8):1007-11.
↑ Fink CA, Bates MN (2005). "Melanoma and ionizing radiation: is there a causal relationship?". Radiat. Res. 164 (5): 701–10. doi:10.1667/RR3447.1. PMID 16238450. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Wakeford R (2004). "The cancer epidemiology of radiation". Oncogene. 23 (38): 6404–28. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207896. PMID 15322514. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^a ^b Yoshinaga S, Mabuchi K, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Ron E (2004). "放射科醫生和放射技術人員的癌症風險：流行病學研究綜述". 放射學. 233 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1148/radiol.2332031119. PMID 15375227. {{cite journal}}: 未知引數 |month= 被忽略 (幫助)CS1 maint: 多個名稱：作者列表 (連結)
↑ Shore RE (2001). "人類輻射引起的皮膚癌". Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36 (5): 549–54. doi:10.1002/mpo.1128. PMID 11340610. {{cite journal}}: 未知引數 |month= 被忽略 (幫助)

[Andrews-1] James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid15486177-2] Gawkrodger DJ (2004). "Occupational skin cancers". Occup Med (Lond). 54 (7): 458–63. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh098. PMID 15486177. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid10201411-3] Hurko O, Provost TT (1999). "Neurology and the skin". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66 (4): 417–30. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.4.417. PMC 1736315. PMID 10201411. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid17655745-4] Suárez B, López-Abente G, Martínez C; et al. (2007). "Occupation and skin cancer: the results of the HELIOS-I multicenter case-control study". BMC Public Health. 7: 180. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-180. PMC 1994683. PMID 17655745. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Lichter, et al. "Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group." Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug;136(8):1007-11.

[pmid16238450-6] Fink CA, Bates MN (2005). "Melanoma and ionizing radiation: is there a causal relationship?". Radiat. Res. 164 (5): 701–10. doi:10.1667/RR3447.1. PMID 16238450. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid15322514-7] Wakeford R (2004). "The cancer epidemiology of radiation". Oncogene. 23 (38): 6404–28. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207896. PMID 15322514. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid15375227-8] Yoshinaga S, Mabuchi K, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Ron E (2004). "放射科醫生和放射技術人員的癌症風險：流行病學研究綜述". 放射學. 233 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1148/radiol.2332031119. PMID 15375227. {{cite journal}}: 未知引數 |month= 被忽略 (幫助)CS1 maint: 多個名稱：作者列表 (連結)

[pmid11340610-9] Shore RE (2001). "人類輻射引起的皮膚癌". Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36 (5): 549–54. doi:10.1002/mpo.1128. PMID 11340610. {{cite journal}}: 未知引數 |month= 被忽略 (幫助)