印度公務員考試手冊/治理中的廉潔
治理中的廉潔是高效、有效治理體系和社會經濟發展的必要條件。確保治理廉潔的重要前提是杜絕腐敗。其他要求包括有效的法律、規則和法規,涵蓋公共生活的所有方面,更重要的是,這些法律的有效和公正實施等。事實上,對法律的適當、公平和有效執行是紀律的一個方面。不幸的是,對印度來說,紀律正在迅速從公共生活中消失,沒有紀律,正如斯堪的納維亞經濟學家和社會學家岡納·默達爾所指出的那樣,不可能實現真正的進步。紀律意味著除其他外,公共和私人道德以及誠信意識。而在西方,一個升遷到更高職位的人會更加尊重法律,但在我們國家卻恰恰相反。在這裡,擁有高位的人的標誌是可以輕鬆無視法律法規。我們正被一種不守紀律和不誠實的文化所吞噬;公共和私人的道德都處於高價位。
Menace of corruption in public life : Corruption is an abuse of public resources or position in public life for private gain. The scope for corruption increases when control on the public administrators is fragile and the division of power between political, executive and bureaucracy is ambiguous. Political corruption which is sometimes inseparable from bureaucratic corruption tends to be more widespread in authoritarian regimes where the public opinion and the Press are unable to denounce corruption.
然而,印度的悖論是,儘管有警惕的媒體和輿論,腐敗程度卻非常高。這可能歸因於受賄者完全麻木不仁、缺乏羞恥感和缺乏公共道德意識。事實上,他們以同樣的熱情和厚顏無恥地佩戴著自己的腐敗和無恥的徽章。國家干預經濟和社會生活的機會增加,極大地增加了政治和官僚腐敗的機會,尤其是在政治也專業化的背景下。我們有全職的職業政治家,即使在卸任後也是如此。恐怖主義、毒品、走私和政客之間似乎存在著一種聯絡,這一點在沃赫拉委員會報告中得到強調。
Corruption has flourished because one does not see adequately successful examples of effectively prosecuted cases of corruption. Cases, poorly founded upon, half-hearted and incomplete investigation, followed by a tardy and delayed trial confluence a morally ill-deserved but a legally inevitable acquittal. The acceptance of corruption as an inexorable reality has led to silent reconciliation and resignation to such wrongs. There needs to be a vital stimulation in the social consciousness of our citizens – that is neither has a place in the personal nor social.
的確,目前將國家從它本不應該進入的或無法有效運作的各個領域撤出的過程可能會在一定程度上減少腐敗的機會,但即使我們轉向自由市場經濟,也必須對經濟進行監管,而不是對工業活動進行限制。治理的要求仍將要求籤訂合同、採購等等。
The Scandinavian economist-sociologist, Gunnyar Myrdal, had described the Indian society as a ‘soft society’. He also clarified what the expression ‘soft society’ means. According to him, a soft society is: (a) one which does not have the political will to enact the laws necessary for its progress and development and/or does not possess the political will to implement the laws, even when made, and (b) where there is no discipline. In fact, he has stressed the second aspect more than the first. According to him, if there is no discipline in the society, no real or meaningful development or progress is possible. It is the lack of discipline in the society - which expression includes the administration and structures of governance at all levels - that is contributing to corruption. Corruption and indiscipline feed upon each other. One way of instilling the discipline among the society may be to reduce the chances of corruption and to deal with it sternly and mercilessly wherever it is found. For this purpose, the inadequacies in the criminal judicial system have to be redressed. Corruption is also anti-poor. Take, for example, the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the welfare schemes for the poor including Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). It is well-known that a substantial portion of grain, sugar and kerosene oil meant for PDS goes into black-market and that hardly 16% of the funds meant for STs and SCs reach them – all the rest is misappropriated by some of the members of the political and official class and unscrupulous dealers and businessmen.
著名的經濟學家、已故的馬赫布·烏爾·哈克簡潔而深刻地闡述了腐敗在我們這樣的南亞國家所帶來的惡劣影響。他說:
“Corruption happens everywhere. It has been at the center of election campaigns in Italy and the United Kingdom, led to the fall of governments in Japan and Indonesia, and resulted in legislative action in Russia and the United States. But, if corruption exists in rich, economically successful countries, why should South Asia be worried about it? The answer is simple: South Asian corruption has four key characteristics that make it far more damaging than corruption in any other parts of the world.
首先,南亞的腐敗發生在上游,而不是下游。頂層的腐敗扭曲了關於發展優先事項、政策和專案的根本決策。在工業化國家,這些核心決策是透過透明的競爭和擇優錄取的方式做出的,儘管下游可能會出現輕微的腐敗。
其次,南亞的腐敗資金有翅膀,沒有輪子。該地區獲得的大部分腐敗收益立即被走私到國外的安全港口。第三,南亞的腐敗往往導致晉升,而不是入獄。大魚——除非它們屬於反對派——很少被煎。第四,南亞的腐敗發生在 5.15 億人貧困的情況下,而不是人均收入超過 2 萬美元的情況下。在維尼特·納林訴印度聯邦案(AIR 1998)中,最高法院批准地引用了英國諾蘭委員會關於公共生活標準的建議。法院讚揚了以下具有普遍適用性的公共生活原則:“公共生活原則:支撐公共生活的行為準則需要重申。我們已經做到了。已經闡明瞭無私、正直、客觀、問責、公開、誠實和領導的七項原則(稍後會進行闡述)。行為準則:所有公共機構都應該制定包含這些原則的行為準則。
獨立審查:維持標準的內部系統應該得到獨立審查的支援。
教育:需要做更多工作來促進和加強公共機構的行為標準,特別是透過指導和培訓,包括入職培訓。”諾蘭委員會的報告中闡述了公共生活的七項原則,如下:
“The Seven Principles of Public Life:
· 無私 · 正直 · 客觀 · 問責 · 公開 · 誠實 · 領導
為確保治理廉潔,需要採取某些措施:· 需要執行 1988 年《無名財產交易(禁止)法》第 5 條 · 公職人員瀆職——一種補救措施 · 需要制定法律,規定沒收公務員非法獲得的財產 · 制定《公共利益披露法》· 制定《資訊自由法》· 需要制定《民眾代理人法》,除了《中央監察委員會法》外 · 加強刑事司法系統
- 資訊的民主化,《規劃》,2013 年 5 月
- "確保政府部門服務質量",《規劃》,2011年6月
- 為當代印度行政部門設計反腐敗戰略,作者:Shiladitya Chakraborty,國際公共管理評論(IPMR)
- "腐敗、參與式發展和善治",《規劃》,2013年1月
- "腐敗與第十二個五年計劃",《規劃》,2012年1月
“個人的福祉包含在所有人的福祉之中。”你如何理解這句話?這個原則如何在公共生活中得到實施?(150字)