修辭與寫作/邏輯謬誤
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邏輯謬誤也被稱為“言語謬誤”。在建立有根據的論點時,需要有證據支援主張。推理被用來使證據在使主張有效方面相關。但有時由於推理錯誤,導致未能提供足夠的論據,使論據變弱。以下是幾種最常見的謬誤示例
因果關係錯誤 也稱為“後此謬誤”。它假設事件的順序是因果關係,認為事件鏈彼此緊密相連,第一個事件導致了第二個事件,依此類推。
example: "Construction workers are dumb."
錯誤類比 類比總是比較兩個或多個在某種程度上相似的狀況。在這種情況下,兩種狀況被錯誤地認為彼此相似,導致錯誤類比。
example: "Japan quit fighting in 1945 when we dropped nuclear bombs on them.
We should use nuclear bombs against other countries."
從眾心理 這源於錯誤的推理,即每個人都在做,所以你為什麼不應該做?但實際上並非每個人都參與其中,而且它持有錯誤的理由去做。
example: It doesn't matter if I do not cite the sources of my reference, no
one else cares to do it.
非此即彼 它表明,對於給定的複雜情況,只有兩個二元對立的選擇。這在實際情況下很少出現。
example: "Either we eliminate the regulation of business or else profits will
suffer." (It ignores hosts of other possibilities for incurring losses)
人身攻擊 字面意思是“針對個人”。這種形式的錯誤推理旨在針對個人進行人身攻擊,而不是進行理性推理。
example: My opponent is against the supporting the bill; I think he probably
has some vested interest for not supporting it.
訴諸大眾 字面意思是“訴諸大眾”。它是基於使用讀者的偏見和偏見,而不是合理的推理。
example: We cannot allow to open Indian restaurants in this suburb which is
predominantly white based. Indian cuisine is very hot and spicy,
and therefore, unhealthy for our diet.
迴圈論證 當將主張作為證據,假定為事實,而實際上應該被證明時,就會發生這種情況。
example: "People should be able to say anything they want to because free
speech is an individual right."
滑坡謬誤 它認為,某些事件鏈無論如何都會發生,並將導致另一個事件。
example: "If we grant citizenship to illegal immigrants, no one will bother
to enter the country legally."
稻草人謬誤 設定反駁論點為弱勢,以便它們可以很容易地被駁斥。
example: "Environmentalist won't be satisfied until not a single human being
is allowed to enter a national park."
紅鯡魚 這是一種策略,它引入虛假或不相關的論點來分散讀者對主要論點的注意力。
example: Personal income taxes should be reduced because there are too many
essential bills that need to be paid.
兩極分化 它透過將他們的主張定位為極端或非理性來訴諸對立場或群體的誇大。
example: "Feminists are all man-haters."
免責宣告:引號下的示例取自“企鵝簡明手冊”(第二版)。
