加拿大難民程式/115-116 - 不遣返原則

《移民與難民保護法》第 115-116 條

《移民與難民保護法》第 115-116 條規定

Principle of Non-refoulement

Protection
115 (1) A protected person or a person who is recognized as a Convention refugee by another country to which the person may be returned shall not be removed from Canada to a country where they would be at risk of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion or at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.

Exceptions
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in the case of a person
(a) who is inadmissible on grounds of serious criminality and who constitutes, in the opinion of the Minister, a danger to the public in Canada; or
(b) who is inadmissible on grounds of security, violating human or international rights or organized criminality if, in the opinion of the Minister, the person should not be allowed to remain in Canada on the basis of the nature and severity of acts committed or of danger to the security of Canada.

Removal of refugee
(3) A person, after a determination under paragraph 101(1)(e) that the person’s claim is ineligible, is to be sent to the country from which the person came to Canada, but may be sent to another country if that country is designated under subsection 102(1) or if the country from which the person came to Canada has rejected their claim for refugee protection.

Regulations
116 The regulations may provide for any matter relating to the application of this Division, and may include provisions respecting procedures to be followed with respect to applications for protection and decisions made under section 115, including the establishment of factors to determine whether a hearing is required.

《移民與難民保護法》第 115(1) 條禁止將難民遣返到其可能因公約理由、酷刑或殘忍和不人道待遇或處罰而遭受迫害的國家，但有例外情況

《移民與難民保護法》第 115 條規定，不得將任何人遣返到其可能因公約理由遭受迫害或可能遭受酷刑或殘忍和不人道待遇或處罰的國家。該清單反映了加拿大的國際義務。

難民公約第 33(1) 條規定

締約國不得以任何方式將難民驅逐或遣返（“遣返”）到其生命或自由因其種族、宗教、國籍、屬於特定社會群體或政治見解而受到威脅的領土邊界。

1984 年《聯合國禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》第 3(1) 條規定

任何締約國不得將任何人驅逐、遣返（“遣返”）或引渡到另一個國家，如果該締約國有充分理由相信此人可能在那裡面臨被酷刑的危險。

聯合國 1966 年《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》由聯合國人權委員會解釋，該委員會負責監測公約的執行情況，認為該公約也承擔類似的義務

[T]he article 2 obligation requiring that States Parties respect and ensure the Covenant rights for all persons in their territory and all persons under their control entails an obligation not to extradite, deport, expel or otherwise remove a person from their territory, where there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm, such as that contemplated by articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant, either in the country to which removal is to be effected or in any country to which the person may subsequently be removed.

公約第 6 條保護生命權，第 7 條禁止酷刑或殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰。對“殘忍和不人道待遇或處罰”這一短語的解釋應該與國際法中所理解的“殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰”概念保持一致。

參見：加拿大難民程式/難民程式解釋原則#《移民與難民保護法》第 3(3)(f) 條 - 該法應以符合加拿大已簽署的國際人權文書的方式適用.

《移民與難民保護法》第 115(2) 條對第 115(1) 條規定的保護規定了例外情況

第 115(2) 條規定，第 115(1) 條不適用於所列類別的人員。據說，該條款明確允許將移民遣返到可能違反（人權）不遣返義務的傷害國家。 然而，聯邦法院已經發現，允許推翻不遣返原則的測試設定了一個非常高的門檻。