人類營養學基礎/鉬
雖然鉬可以在大量的植物性食物中找到，但其含量很大程度上取決於植物生長地區的土壤鉬含量。豆類、穀物產品、堅果和綠葉蔬菜都是鉬的來源。動物體內沒有像植物那樣高的鉬濃度，但在肝臟和牛奶中可以找到足夠的營養來源。攝入推薦的每日乳製品攝入量通常可以作為膳食中鉬的充足營養來源。研究人員很難確定鉬的平均膳食攝入量，因為目前還沒有統一的分析方法用於研究以確定鉬含量。此外，由於世界各地土壤中礦物質含量差異很大，因此關於鉬含量的報告也存在很大差異。即使存在差異，鉬的攝入量也始終高於每日需求量。
三種主要利用鉬的金屬酶是黃嘌呤脫氫酶/氧化酶、醛氧化酶和亞硫酸鹽氧化酶。黃嘌呤脫氫酶/氧化酶在不同型別的組織中積極作用，將嘌呤轉化為尿酸。一種名為黃嘌呤尿症的遺傳疾病會導致尿酸產量低。這種情況最終可能導致肌肉組織輕度肌病。亞硫酸鹽氧化酶是一種負責將某些形式的亞硫酸鹽轉化為無機亞硫酸鹽的酶。遺傳疾病會導致亞硫酸鹽氧化酶缺乏，導致嬰兒在 2-3 歲左右死亡。膳食中不同含量的鉬尚未觀察到對該酶水平產生毒性影響，但研究人員認為，這些遺傳疾病是由這些酶的鉬蝶呤輔因子合成失敗引起的。
==11.8.3 需求==
There are different ways to figure out the requirements of Molybdenum; these methods are to check the plasma and serum Molybdenum concentration, urinary Molybdenum levels, biochemical indicators, and molybdenum balance (“Dietary Reference Intakes…”, 2001). There are also factors that affect the Molybdenum requirements due to interactions with other minerals and substances; tungsten, cooper and sulfate, and bioavailability factors all determine how it is absorbed.
Depending on one's age and gender, there are different requirements for the amount of Molybdenum that should be ingested everyday through one's diet. Between the ages of zero to twelve months, because there have been no sources of information as to how much Molybdenum should be ingested, the intake values that are instated are due to the Adequate Intake (AI) levels that have been instated due to the mean intake of infants that have been fed milk from humans. The study demonstrated that as the infant gets older, the levels of molybdenum decreased over time; what started at 5 µg/L went down to 1.7 µg/L over the course of almost a year. The AI for Molybdenum for infants ages zero to six months is 2 µg/day or 0.3 µg/kg/day. For ages seven to twelve months, it is 3 µg/day or 0.3 µg/kg/day. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for children one to three years is 13 µg/day and for children ages four to eight years it is 17 µg/day. After the age of eight, boys and girls require different amounts of Molybdenum. The EAR for boys ages nine to thirteen years is 26 µg/day of molybdenum and for those who are fourteen to eighteen years, the value is 33 µg/day. Additionally, the EAR for girls nine to thirteen years if 26 µg/day of molybdenum and for girls who are fourteen to eighteen years old, they need 33 µg/day. The Molybdenum Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for children ages one to three is 17 µg/day and for ages four to eight years is 22 µg/day. The RDA for boys nine to thirteen years it is 34 µg/day and for those who are fourteen to eighteen years it is 43 µg/day. Finally, the Molybdenum RDA for girls who are nine to thirteen years is 34 µg/day and for girls fourteen to eighteen years, they need 43 µg/day.
Men and women over the age of nineteen both have the same EAR and RDA values for Molybdenum (“Molybdenum”, 2006). For men and women who are nineteen years old and greater, the EAR is 34 µg/day and the RDA is 45 µg/day. Molybdenum values for women who are pregnant between the ages of fourteen to fifty years old, are 40 µg/day for the EAR and 50 µg/day for the RDA. Additionally, for lactation, between the years of fourteen to eighteen the EAR is 35 µg/day and the RDA is 50 µg/day; then from ages nineteen to fifty, the EAR value increases slightly to 36 µg/day and the RDA remains the same 50 µg/day.
There are also upper level intake values that can pose to be toxic if one goes above it. Children one to three years cannot go above 300 µg/day, four to eight years cannot go above 600 µg/day, nine to thirteen year old cannot go above 1,100 µg/day, and children fourteen to eighteen cannot pass 1,700 µg/day. Adult men and women above the age of nineteen should not surpass 2,000 µg/day. Pregnant women should not go above 1,700 µg/day if they are fourteen to eighteen years old, and they need to stay below 2,000 µg/day if they are nineteen to fifty years old. If one is lactating, the same values as pregnant women are instated. High levels are not recommended because even though a human model has not been completed and there are mostly animal studies, in a mouse study, high levels of Molybdenum lead to carcinogenic results (“Molybdenum”, 2013). Toxicity can also lead to problems regarding growth, less hemoglobin, renal failure, and problems with the reproductive system (Novotny, 2006). Additionally, a deficiency, even though they are not common, can lead to reproductive problems and problems again with growth.
維生素 A、維生素 K、砷、硼、鉻、銅、碘、鐵、錳、鉬、鎳、矽、釩和鋅的膳食參考攝入量。（2001）。檢索於 2015 年 11 月 28 日，來自 http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Vitamin_A/420-441_150.pdf（連結到外部站點）鉬。（2006）。檢索於 2015 年 11 月 28 日，來自 https://www.nrv.gov.au/sites/default/files/page_pdf/n35-molybdenum_0.pdf（連結到外部站點）
鉬。（2013 年 12 月 4 日）。檢索於 2015 年 11 月 28 日，來自http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Molybdenum_BiomonitoringSummary.html（連結到外部站點）
Novotny, J.，& Turnlund, J.（2006 年 9 月 29 日）。鉬攝入量影響男性鉬動力學。檢索於 2015 年 11 月 28 日，來自 http://jn.nutrition.org/content/137/1/37.full.pdf（連結到外部站點）
鉬缺乏症僅在少數未被複制的人類病例中記錄。在一項研究中，兩名患有克羅恩病的年輕人出現了大量微量礦物質損失。這些參與者在輸注鉬後，血漿和尿液中尿酸水平升高，這與黃嘌呤脫氫酶/氧化酶的作用一致。雖然這表明鉬以微量形式被利用並且是必需的，但它沒有為研究人員提供任何計算最低膳食推薦的資訊。鉬毒性被稱為鉬中毒。鉬中毒最常見的一些症狀實際上是銅缺乏的症狀，因為過量的鉬會干擾體內對銅的利用。鉬中毒的其他影響被認為是腎臟損傷和生殖異常。鉬中毒在人類中非常罕見，關於該礦物質攝入量的絕大多數研究都是透過動物研究進行的。反芻動物，尤其是反芻動物，對鉬更敏感，因此更容易被用於毒性研究，但這通常與應用於人類健康的相關資訊無關。關於鉬的其他健康影響，有很多說法正在出現，但幾乎所有說法都需要進一步調查。鉬缺乏症與非洲班圖部落和中國湖南省的癌症有關，這些地區自然土壤中的鉬含量很低。一些報告稱鉬可能具有抗齲作用，或預防齲齒，但被認為是不確定的，需要進一步調查。也有證據表明，克山病流行的地區土壤中鉬含量也很低，在用該礦物質施肥後，患病率下降了。
Chan S, Gerson B, Subramiam S. (1998) 銅、鉬、硒和鋅在營養和健康中的作用。 臨床實驗室醫學。 12 月；18（4）：673-85
微量營養素小組。（2001）維生素 A、維生素 K、砷、硼、鉻、銅、碘、鐵、錳、鉬、鎳、矽、釩和鋅的膳食參考攝入量。 美國國家科學院。1 月 9 日。第 420-441 頁。
Rolfes, S Whitney E.（2016）。理解營養，第 14 版。 Cengage 學習。
WHO（世界衛生組織）。1996. 人類營養和健康中的微量元素。 日內瓦：WHO。第 144-154 頁。