Mirad 語法/第 4 課
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- 在本課中，您將學習如何在進行時態中活用動詞以及如何提出是非問句。您還將學習形容詞的比較以及一些新的代詞。
對話 4：你要去哪裡？ MIRAD ENGLISH 1. Duhom et peye? Where are you going? 2. At peye tam. I'm going home. 3. Duven et peyo bey pur? Will you be going by car? (Lit. Say whether you will be going...) 4. Vo. At tyoyapo. Ata tam voy se yib bi him. No. I'll walk. My house is not far from here. 5. At pepeya humep. Apu ha pur bay at. I was going that way. Get in the car with me. 6. Hway! Hus su ga iga. Thanks! That would be faster. 7. Hwey. Duven et ifie enzyukparen? Don't mention it. Do you enjoy bicycling? 8. Gla. At enzyukpareya hijwamaj. Very much so. I was cycling this morning. 9. Hiy eta tam. Duven hus se eta enzyukpar be ha zadeym? Here's your house. Is that your bicycle in the front yard? 10. Vo. Atas se be ha zodeym. Huas bewe ata dat. No. Mine is in the backyard. That one belongs to my friend. 11. Hua enzyuk se go via vyel etas That bike is less good-looking than yours. 12. Ve. Hway av ha pepuen, datif. Maybe. Thanks for the lift, buddy.
- 在上面的對話中，您會注意到有一些動詞使用了與上一課中學習的簡單時態不同的時態，即進行時態。進行時態是指持續一段時間的狀態和動作。當我們說“我正在回家”，指的是正在進行的動作，而不是習慣。對於英語母語人士來說，這很容易，因為英語時態有相同的簡單時態與進行時態的對比。
- 進行時態由在動詞詞幹和詞綴之間插入ey構成。以下是顯示新時態集的圖表（僅主動語態）
進行時態 體 語態 語氣 時態 示例 進行體 主動 陳述語氣 現在時 at peye....I am going 進行體 主動 陳述語氣 過去時 at peya....I was going 進行體 主動 陳述語氣 將來時 at peyo....I will be going 進行體 主動 虛擬語氣 非時態 at peyu....I would be going
- 例子
- At peye tam.....I am going home.
- Et seye fua.....You are being bad.
- Duven et tambeseyo Ferom ojo huj?....Will you be living in France by then?
- At tyoyapeyu, oy se gra yiba.....I would be walking, but it's too far.
- 請注意以下兩個句子中簡單時態和進行時態之間的區別
- Ha tixut tyoyape tistam hyajub.....The student walks to school every day. (簡單時態)
- Ha tixut tyoyapeye tistam hijub.....The student is walking to school today. (進行時態)
- 首先，有一組基於基本詞ga（意為更多）的“量詞”。它們在下面的圖表中顯示。其中一些用於比較形容詞和副詞。
對話 1 量詞 型別 肯定 中間 否定 比較級 ga....more ge....equally, as go....less 絕對級 gla....very gle....rather, quite glo....not very 過分級 gra....too gre....enough gro....insufficiently 最高階 gwa....most gwe....just the right degree gwo....least
- 這些詞可以用來修飾形容詞和副詞的程度，以及其他用途。在比較結構中，英語中的than或as被翻譯成Mirad中的介詞vyel
- ga via vyel x....more beautiful than x
- ga igay vyel x....more quickly than x
- ge fia vyel x....as good as x
- ge fiay vyel x....as well as x
- go fia vyel....less good than x
- go fiay vyel....not a well as x
- gra iga....too fast
- gre fia....good enough
- ha gwa fia tuxut bi ha tistam....the best teacher in the school ( = of the school)
- It dala gwe.....He spoke just enough.
- 是非問句通常以duven開頭，意思是說是否...。這不會涉及顛倒主語和謂語。
- Duven et se yata tuxut?....Are you our teacher?
- Duven et tyoyape tistam?....Do you walk to school?
- Duven yit yexeya bay et?....Were they working with you?
- 有時，可以省略Duven...?，而用升調或問號來表示疑問。
- Et upeye bay at?....(Are) you coming with me?
- 對任何問題的回答都可以是va（是）、ve（也許）或vo（否）。
- 注意：voy的意思是不，用於否定謂語
- Yata voy se eta dati.....We are not your friends.
- Voy at.....Not I.
- 類似地，vay的意思是確實，當然，用於修飾謂語動詞
- Yet se vay ata dati.....You are really my friends.
- Vey介於兩者之間，意思是可能，或許，用作謂語修飾詞
- At vey upo.....I may come.
- Hia tuxut se vey ga fia vyel hua tuxut.....This teacher is possibly better than that teacher.
- 所有格形容詞（如我的、他的、等等）和指示形容詞（如這、那、等等）可以像下面的圖表中所示那樣代詞化
對話 1 代詞化的所有格和指示形容詞 形容詞 單數代詞 複數代詞 ata....my atas....mine atasi....mine eta....your etas....yours etasi....yours ita....his/her itas....his/hers itasi....his/hers yata....our yatas....ours yatasi....ours yeta....your yetas....yours yetasi....yours yita....their yitas....theirs yitasi....theirs duha....which duhas....which one duhasi....which ones hia....this hias....this one hiasi....these (ones) hua....my huas....that one huasi....those (ones)
- 例子
- Hias se etas. (pronounced etás). Huas se atas.....This one is yours. That one is mine.
- Huasi se etasi. Huasi se atasi.....Those are yours. Those are mine.
- Duven hua tam se etas?....Is that house yours?
- Yatasi se ga aga vyel yetasi.....Ours are bigger than yours.
- 上面圖表中的所有代詞都指的是被擁有或指定的物體。將s改為t，使它們指的是被擁有或指定的個人
- Hiati sa fia vyel huati.....這些（人） 比那些（人）更好。
- Yatati.....我們自己的人 ( = 新芬黨, 在愛爾蘭語中)
- 名詞
- par....車輛，通常是小型的非機動車，如手推車或馬車
- enzyukpar....腳踏車 ( < en-....雙 + zyuk....輪 + par....小型車輛)
- enzyukpar....腳踏車
- inzyukpar....三輪車 (in-....三)
- unzyukpar....四輪車 (un-....四)
- pir....電動車
- enzyukpir....滑板車
- pur....汽車，機動車
- enzyukpur....摩托車
- tistam....學校 ( < tis....學習 + tam....房子 )
- datif....夥伴 ( dat....朋友 + -if....親切)
- zadeym....前院 ( < za....前面 + deym....花園 )
- zodeym....後院 ( < zo....後面 )
- jwamaj....早上 ( < jwa....早 + maj....白天 vs. moj....夜晚)
- 動詞
- per....去 (到)
- aper....上，登上，騎 ( < a(b)....在...上 + per....去)
- aper pur....上車
- tyoyaper....走 (到) ( < tyoya(b)....腳 + per )
- enzyukper....騎腳踏車 (到) ( < enzyuk + per)
- peper....騎 (陸地)
- pepuer....載送，搭載 (以 -uer 結尾的動詞或使役動詞)
- pepuen....搭乘，載送 (動名詞以 -en 結尾)
- ifier....喜歡，享受，感到高興 ( < if....快樂 + (b)ier....拿，得到)
- ayser....有 ( < (b)ay....和...一起 + ser....是)
- ayswer....屬於 (某人) (ayser 的被動語態)
- 限定詞/副詞
- humep....那個方向 ( mep....路 )
- hyajub....每天 (hya-....每 + jub....天
- hijub....今天 (hi-....這 + jub....天
- hijwamaj....今天早上 (hi-....這 + jwa....早 + maj....白天)
- 介詞
- bay....和...一起，在...的陪伴下
- bey....透過，藉助
- boy....沒有
- 代詞
- atas....我的, etas....你的, 等等。
- duhoas?....哪一個？, hias....這個, 等等。