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國際象棋開局理論/1. e4/1...c5

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西西里防禦
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
Forsyth-Edwards 符號表示法 (FEN)

rnbqkbnr/pp1ppppp/8/2p5/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w

走法: 1. e4 c5
ECO 程式碼: B20-B99
父開局: 國王兵開局

西西里防禦

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

走法 1. e4 c5 構成了西西里防禦，一種反擊性開局，其中棋手通常在棋盤的相對兩側發動攻擊。西西里防禦由朱利奧·切薩雷·波列里奧在 1594 年引入國際象棋界，並在 20 世紀初作為一種較為溫和的變招進入主流。隨著新的攻擊理念的發現，它在 20 世紀 50 年代成為黑方最可怕的武器，並且是所有開局中最經過深入分析的開局之一。

黑方的走法 1...c5 旨在創造一個半開的 c 路，控制重要的 d4 格，並允許黑後在需要時冒險，而 c 兵本身是安全的，不會受到攻擊，與 1. e4 e5 之後 e 兵不同。

白方的應對

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 white pawnd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c4   (斯陶頓-科克蘭變招)

1...c5 在佈局中引入了不對稱性；如果白方以 2. c4 (類似於英國式的斯陶頓-科克蘭變招) 模仿黑方的走法，那就會削弱 d4 格，並在以後更難下 d4。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 white pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4   (史密斯-莫拉棄兵)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4 cxd4 3. c3   (史密斯-莫拉棄兵)

面對 c5 的兵，白方可以選擇下 2. d4 (史密斯-莫拉棄兵) ，這通常會導致棄兵以快速展開。在 2...cxd4 之後，白方可以下 3. c3，犧牲另一個兵以在下一步下 4. Nxc3，並在莫拉棄兵中獲得展開上的優勢。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 white knightg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 black kingh1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nf3   (開放式西西里)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c3   (阿拉賓變招)

一個更常見的思路是白方延遲 d4 一步，同時增加對該格的控制。這可以透過 2. Nf3 (通常導致西西里的主要路線 (開放式西西里)) 或 2. c3 (試圖建立一個強大的兵中心) 來實現。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 white pawnc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 black kingc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. b4   (西西里翼棄兵)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 white pawnb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 black kingb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. a3   (孟加里尼/範·杜因變招)

不太常見的是試圖透過下 2. b4 (翼棄兵) 來破壞 c 兵對 d4 的控制，以誘惑其離開中心。由於黑方被認為可以安全地吃掉提供的兵並持有它，最近出現了一個新的思路，就是用 2. a3 (孟加里尼變招) 來準備 b4。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white knightd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 black kingc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nc3   (封閉式西西里)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 white pawng4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 black kingg2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. f4   (大獎賽/麥克唐納攻擊)

白方可以延遲對 d4 的爭奪，通常以 2. Nc3 (封閉式西西里) 來實現，儘管 2. f4 (大獎賽攻擊) 也被採用。2. f4 是一步激烈的攻擊性走法，2. Nc3 通常會導致一個更封閉的和慢節奏的局面，儘管 f4 通常會在之後出現。

統計

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

資料庫顯示白方大約有 36% 的獲勝機會，平局率為 30%，黑方獲勝率為 33%。

預計下一步流行度：Nf3 74%，Nc3 10%，c3 7%，d4 3%，Bc4 2%，f4 2%，d3 1%，b3 1%，c4 1%，Ne2 1%，g3 0.4%，b4 0.4%，其他走法少於 0.3%。

注意，這些走法頻率偏向於更強棋手的資料庫。對於業餘棋手來說，下一步的頻率可能大不相同。例如，請檢視下面的 Lichess 資料庫資料，其中 2. Nf3 的出現頻率僅為 56%，而 2. Bc4 的出現頻率高達 7%。

走法 平均 365Chess.com (大型) Chess Tempo (全部) chessgames.com Lichess (大師級) Lichess (資料庫)
2. Nf3 74.2% 75.4 76.4 80.8 82.2 56.0
2. Nc3 9.5 10.5 10.4 8.4 7.6 10.8
2. c3 6.6 7.6 7.2 6.1 6.6 5.4
2. d4 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.5 8.1
2. Bc4 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 7.3
2. f4 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 4.5
2. d3 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 2.2
2. b3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
2. c4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.2
2. Ne2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3
2. g3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6
2. b4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0
其他走法 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

理論表

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

1. e4 c5

  2 3 4 5 評估 備註
開放式西西里 Nf3
Nc6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
  		2. Nf3 Nc6 是西西里的老式走法。它會導致開放式西西里，如卡拉什尼科夫、斯維什尼科夫或加速龍。如果白方不希望進入開放式西西里，他們可以下羅斯利莫
開放式西西里 Nf3
d6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
Nf6 		Nc3
  		= 2. Nf3 d6 進入現代開放式西西里變招。這些變招包括納傑夫、龍、經典和舍文寧根等等。對於那些不想要開放式西西里的棋手來說，莫斯科是一個選擇。
封閉式西西里 Nc3
Nc6 		g3
g6 		Bg2
Bg7 		d3
d6 		=
阿拉賓變招 c3
Nf6 		e5
Nd5 		d4
cxd4 		Nf3
Nc6 		=
史密斯-莫拉棄兵 d4
cxd4 		c3
dxc3 		Nxc3
Nc6 		Nf3
d6 		=
鮑德勒攻擊 Bc4
 
大獎賽攻擊 f4
d5 		Nc3
d4 		Nce2
Nc6 		d3
c4 		=
d3 d3
  		通常是一個封閉式西西里，但國王印度攻擊也是可能的。
斯奈德變招 b3
Nc6 		Bb2
 
斯陶頓-科克蘭變招 c4
Nc6 		Nc3
g6 		=
凱雷斯變招 Ne2
Nc6 		Nbc3
 
施泰尼茨變招 g3
d5 		exd5
Qxd5
翼棄兵 b4
  		不太常見
孟加里尼變招 a3
  		不太常見。也被稱為範·杜因的變招。
e5
  		不太常見
克朗伯格變招 Na3
  		不太常見。
Qh5
  		不太常見。另請參閱：帕拉姆攻擊
大衛王開局 Ke2
  		不太常見。
西西里亞馬遜攻擊 Qg4
  		不太常見。

有關理論表的解釋，請參閱 理論表 ，有關符號的解釋，請參閱 代數符號。

在為本華夏公益教科書貢獻內容時，請遵循 組織規範。

維基百科 中有相關資訊，位於 西西里防禦

參考文獻

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
  • Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (編輯), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
  • 卡斯帕羅夫，加里，& 基恩，雷蒙德 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.


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