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象棋開局理論/1. e4/1...e5

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< 象棋開局理論 | 1. e4
最新稽核版本是在2024年2月26日檢查的。有4個待審變更。
開局
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
福賽斯-愛德華茲符號（FEN）

rnbqkbnr/pppp1ppp/8/4p3/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w

走法： 1. e4 e5
ECO 程式碼： C20–C99
父類： 國王兵開局
應對

1...e5 · 開局

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

1...e5，即開局（或稱雙國王兵開局），是黑方對1. e4的經典應對。透過映象白方的走法，黑方搶佔了中心棋格，並有空間發展一些棋子。1...e5是少數直接干預白方理想計劃（即走d4）的走法之一。

然而，此走法的優點也是其缺點：局面對稱的時間越長，白方先手方越佔優勢。此外，e5上的兵無人防守，白方很容易透過威脅吃掉它來限制黑方可能的應對，只需簡單地威脅吃掉它。

雖然此走法在所有水平上仍然很常見，但在20世紀，其流行度略有下降。

白方的應對

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 white knightg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 black kingh1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nf3   (國王騎士)

這裡最流行的走法是2. Nf3，其流行程度是其他所有走法的10倍左右。

此走法威脅黑方無人防守的兵，同時發展一個棋子，為在王翼進行王車易位做準備。發展的騎士也防守d4棋格，為將來d2-d4兵的推進做準備。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 white bishopd4 oxe4 white pawnf4 oxg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 black kingg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Bc4   (象兵)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 oxe4 white pawnf4 oxg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white knightd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 black kingc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nc3   (維也納)

2. Bc4，即象兵開局，以及2. Nc3，即維也納開局，都是發展一個棋子的簡單選擇。

它們不會給黑方帶來特別的難題，但也不算壞的走法，而且它們保持了走d4或f4的可能性。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 white pawng4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 black kingg2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. f4   (國王兵獻兵開局)

另一個計劃是嘗試用2. f4，即國王兵獻兵開局，撬開f線，攻擊黑方薄弱的f7點。

此走法在維多利亞時代和更早時期很流行，但現在黑方已經找到了一些可靠的方法來吃掉白方主動送出的兵並將其保住。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 white pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4   (中兵)

或者，白方可以走2. d4，迅速開啟中心，以極快的速度發展棋子，必要時犧牲一兩個兵。

不太常見的應對

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 white pawne3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d3   (印度)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 white queen5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 black kinge1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Qh5   (帕拉姆)

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 white queeng3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 black kinge1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Qf3   (拿破崙)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c3   (中兵)

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 white bishopc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 black kingg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Bb5   (葡萄牙)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 white knightf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 black kingh1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Ne2   (阿拉賓)

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 white pawnh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 black kingh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. g4   (費爾南多·託雷斯)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 white kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 black kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Ke2   (邦克勞德攻擊)

其他不太常見的走法

統計

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
大致勝率
白方勝率51%，和棋 ??%，黑方勝率45%。
預計下一步走法的流行度
Nf3 82%，Bc4 5%，Nc3 4%，f4 4%，d4 2%，其他都低於1%
走法 平均 365Chess.com (大型) Chess Tempo (全部) chessgames.com Lichess (大師) Lichess (資料庫)
2. Nf3 82.1% 86.0 87.3 84.7 91.7 61.1
2. Bc4 4.8 3.8 3.7 2.9 3.2 10.4
2. Nc3 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.8 2.7 6.2
2. f4 4.1 3.7 3.0 6.1 1.7 6.1
2. d4 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.6 6.4
2. d3 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.9
2. Qh5 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9
2. Qf3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3
2. c3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6
2. c4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4
2. f3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4
2. g3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
2. Bb5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
2. Ne2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
2. g4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2. Ke2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
其他所有走法 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8

理論表格

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

1. e4 e5

  2 3 4 5 6 7 評估
西班牙開局 Nf3
Nc6 		Bb5
a6 		Ba4
Nf6 		O-O
Be7 		Re1
b5 		Bb3
d6 		=
象兵開局 Bc4
Nf6 		d4
exd4 		Nf3
Bb4+ 		c3
dxc3		 bxc3
Bc5		 e5
d5		 =
維也納開局 Nc3
Nf6 		f4
d5 		fxe5
Nxe4 		Nf3
Be7		 d4
Bb4		 Bd2
Bg4		 =
國王兵獻兵開局 f4
exf4 		Nf3
g5 		h4
g4 		Ne5
Nf6 		Bc4
d5 		exd5
Bd6		 =
中兵開局 d4
exd4 		Qxd4
Nc6 		Qe3
Nf6		 Bd2
Be7		 Nc3
O-O		 O-O-O
d6		 =
印度開局 d3
Nc6 		f4

exf4

 Bxf4

d5

 exd5

Qxd5

 Nc3

Qa5

 Qd2

Bf5

 =
帕拉姆攻擊 Qh5
Nc6 		Bc4
g6 		Qf3
Nf6 		Ne2
Bg7		 Nbc3
d6		 O-O

O-O

 =
拿破崙開局 Qf3
Nf6 		Bc4

Nc6

 Ne2

d6

 Nbc3

Bg4

 Qe3

Nb4

 Bb3

Be6

 =
中兵開局 c3
d5 		exd5

Qxd5

 d4

Nc6

 Nf3

Nf6

 Nxe5

Nxe5

 Qe2

Be6

 =
葡萄牙開局 Bb5
c6 		Ba4

Nf6

 Nc3

Bc5

 Nf3

d6

 d3

a5

 Bb3

Nbd7

 =
阿拉賓開局 Ne2
Nf6 		d4

Nxe4

 f3

Ng5

 dxe5

Nc6

 f4

Ne6

 Nbc3

d6

 =
龜開局 Bd3?! =
費爾南多·託雷斯開局 g4?
d5!		 exd5

Qxd5

 Qf3

Qe6

 h3

Nc6

 Bb5

Bd7

 Ne2

O-O-O

 =/+
邦克勞德攻擊 Ke2?!
Nf6		 Nc3

Bc5

 Nf3

d5

 d3

Ng4

 Bg5

f6

 Bh4

d4

 -/+

關於理論表格的解釋，請參閱理論表格，關於符號的解釋，請參閱代數符號。

參考資料

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

維基百科有相關資訊：開局

參考書目

  • 卡斯帕羅夫，加里，& 基恩，雷蒙德 1989 Batsford 象棋開局 2。 ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
  • 現代象棋開局：MCO-14。 1999. 尼克·德·費爾曼，沃爾特·科恩。 ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
  • 納恩的象棋開局。 1999. 約翰·納恩（編輯），格雷厄姆·伯吉斯，約翰·艾姆斯，喬·加拉格爾。 ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

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