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國際象棋開局理論/1. e4/1...c5

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西西里防禦
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
Forsyth-Edwards 符號 (FEN) 中的棋局

rnbqkbnr/pp1ppppp/8/2p5/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w

棋步： 1. e4 c5
ECO 程式碼： B20-B99
父節點： 國王兵開局

西西里防禦

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

棋步 1. e4 c5 構成了西西里防禦，一種反擊性的開局，其中棋手通常在棋盤的兩側發動進攻。西西里防禦於 1594 年由 Giulio Cesare Polerio 首先引入象棋世界，並在 20 世紀初作為一種相對溫和的變式進入主流。隨著新的進攻理念的發現，它在 20 世紀 50 年代成為黑方最可怕的武器，並且是所有開局中分析最透徹的開局之一。

黑方的棋步 1...c5 旨在創造一個半開放的 c 路，控制重要的 d4 格，並允許黑方皇后在需要時走出，同時 c 兵本身是安全的，不會受到攻擊，不像 1. e4 e5 之後那樣。

白方的應對

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 white pawnd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c4   (斯湯頓-科克倫變式)

1...c5 在局面中引入了不對稱性；如果白方以 2. c4 (類似於英式開局的斯湯頓-科克倫變式) 模仿黑方的棋步，那將會削弱 d4 格，並使之後下 d4 變得更加困難。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 white pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4   (史密斯-莫拉棄兵局)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black pawne4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 black kinge2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. d4 cxd4 3. c3   (史密斯-莫拉棄兵局)

面對 c5 上的兵，白方可以選擇以 2. d4 (史密斯-莫拉棄兵局) 來應對，這通常會導致棄兵以快速發展。在 2...cxd4 之後，白方可以下 3. c3，犧牲另一個兵，以便下 4. Nxc3 來在莫拉棄兵局中獲得發展上的優勢。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 white knightg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 black kingh1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nf3   (開放式西西里防禦)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white pawnd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 black kingd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. c3   (阿拉平變式)

更常見的做法是白方先延遲一步 d4，同時加強他們對 d4 格的控制。這可以透過以下兩種方式實現：2. Nf3 通常會導致西西里防禦的主要路線（開放式西西里防禦），或者 2. c3 試圖建立一個強大的兵中心。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 white pawnc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 black kingc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. b4   (西西里翼棄兵局)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 white pawnb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 black kingb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. a3   (門加里尼/範杜因變式)

不太常見的是試圖透過下 2. b4 (翼棄兵局) 來破壞 c 兵對 d4 格的控制，以引誘它離開中心。由於黑方可以安全地吃掉提供的兵並將其保留，因此最近出現了一個新的思路，即透過下 2. a3 (門加里尼變式) 來準備 b4。

a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 black kingg4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 white knightd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 black kingc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. Nc3   (封閉式西西里防禦)
a b c d e f g h
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black kingd7 black pawne7 black pawnf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black pawnd5 black kinge5 black kingf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 white pawng4 black kingh4 black king4
3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 black kingg2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
a b c d e f g h
2. f4   (大獎賽/麥克唐納進攻)

白方可能會延遲 d4 的爭奪，通常透過下 2. Nc3 (封閉式西西里防禦)，雖然 2. f4 (大獎賽進攻) 也是可以下的。2. f4 是一個猛烈的進攻棋步，2. Nc3 通常會導致更封閉和緩慢的局面，雖然 f4 經常會在之後出現。

統計資料

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

資料庫顯示白方大約有 36% 的勝率，和棋率為 30%，黑方勝率為 33%。

估計下一步的流行度：Nf3 74%，Nc3 10%，c3 7%，d4 3%，Bc4 2%，f4 2%，d3 1%，b3 1%，c4 1%，Ne2 1%，g3 0.4%，b4 0.4%，其他棋步低於 0.3%。

請注意，這些棋步頻率偏向於更強的棋手資料庫。對於俱樂部棋手來說，下一步的頻率可能會有很大差異。例如，請參見下面來自 Lichess 資料庫的資料，其中 2. Nf3 的出現頻率僅為 56%，而 2. Bc4 的出現頻率高達 7%。

棋步 平均值 365Chess.com (大) Chess Tempo (所有) chessgames.com Lichess (大師) Lichess (資料庫)
2. Nf3 74.2% 75.4 76.4 80.8 82.2 56.0
2. Nc3 9.5 10.5 10.4 8.4 7.6 10.8
2. c3 6.6 7.6 7.2 6.1 6.6 5.4
2. d4 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.5 8.1
2. Bc4 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 7.3
2. f4 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 4.5
2. d3 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 2.2
2. b3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5
2. c4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.2
2. Ne2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3
2. g3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6
2. b4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0
其他所有 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

理論表

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

1. e4 c5

  2 3 4 5 評估 備註
開放式西西里防禦 Nf3
Nc6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
  		2. Nf3 Nc6 是西西里防禦的舊式形式。它會導致開放式西西里防禦，如卡拉什尼科夫變式、斯維什尼科夫變式或加速龍變式。如果白方不想進入開放式西西里防禦，他們可以選擇下羅斯利莫變式
開放式西西里防禦 Nf3
d6 		d4
cxd4 		Nxd4
Nf6 		Nc3
  		= 2. Nf3 d6 進入現代開放式西西里防禦變式。這些變式包括奈傑爾多夫變式、龍變式、經典變式和謝文寧根變式等。莫斯科變式是那些不想下開放式西西里防禦的棋手的一種選擇。
封閉式西西里防禦 Nc3
Nc6 		g3
g6 		Bg2
Bg7 		d3
d6 		=
阿拉平變式 c3
Nf6 		e5
Nd5 		d4
cxd4 		Nf3
Nc6 		=
史密斯-莫拉棄兵局 d4
cxd4 		c3
dxc3 		Nxc3
Nc6 		Nf3
d6 		=
鮑德勒進攻 Bc4
 
大獎賽進攻 f4
d5 		Nc3
d4 		Nce2
Nc6 		d3
c4 		=
d3 d3
  		通常是封閉式西西里防禦，但也可以是國王印度進攻。
斯奈德變式 b3
Nc6 		Bb2
 
斯湯頓-科克倫變式 c4
Nc6 		Nc3
g6 		=
凱雷斯變式 Ne2
Nc6 		Nbc3
 
施泰尼茨變式 g3
d5 		exd5
Qxd5
翼棄兵局 b4
  		不太常見
門加里尼變式 a3
  		不太常見。也稱為範杜因變式。
e5
  		不太常見
克隆伯格變式 Na3
  		不太常見。
Qh5
  		不太常見。參見：帕拉姆進攻
大衛王的開局 Ke2
  		不太常見。
西西里亞馬遜進攻 Qg4
  		不太常見。

有關理論表的解釋，請參見 理論表，有關符號的解釋，請參見 代數符號。

在為這本華夏公益教科書貢獻內容時，請遵循 組織約定。

維基百科 在 西西里防禦 上有相關資訊。

參考文獻

[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]
  • Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (編者), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
  • 卡斯帕羅夫, 加里, & 基恩, 雷蒙德 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.


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