韓語/高階發音規則

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本課包含所有關於標準韓語發音的資訊，基於“標準韓語發音規則（1988）”。

介音

簡單的母音‘ㅚ’和‘ㅟ’可以發成雙母音

• ㅚ [ø] → ㅚ [we] 或 [we̞]
• ㅟ [y] → ㅟ [wi] 或 [ɥi]

許多母語人士無法區分‘금괴(金塊)’和‘금궤(金櫃)。’

‘져, 쪄, and 쳐’出現在動詞和形容詞的活用中，通常分別發成‘저, 쩌, and 처’

 ex) 가지어 → 가져[가저],  찌어 → 쪄[쩌],  다치어 → 다쳐[다처]

在韓語中，‘ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ’出現在以/j/音開頭的母音，例如‘ㅕ’之後，只以‘져, 쪄, 쳐’的形式出現，除了韓語中一些非正式的外國詞彙拼寫。之所以有這樣的規則是因為‘ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ’不能出現在/j/音之後。（/j/ 消失）

在一些方言中，‘ㅖ’發成‘ㅔ’，除了‘예’和‘례’

 ex) 계집[계ː집/게ː집]  계시다[계ː시다/게ː시다]  시계[시계/시게](時計)
     연계[연계/연게](連繫)  몌별[몌별/메별](袂別)  개폐[개폐/개페](開閉)
     혜택[혜ː택/헤ː택](惠澤)  지혜[지혜/지헤](智慧)

‘ㅢ’在首子音之後，通常發成‘ㅣ’

 ex) 늴리리[닐리리]  닁큼[닝큼]  무늬[무니]  띄어쓰기[띠어쓰기]  씌어[씨어]
     틔어[티어]  희어[히어]  희떱다[히떱따]  희망[히망]  유희[유히]

此外，‘의’（沒有首子音的‘ㅢ’）作為非第一個音節，通常發成‘이’

 ex) 민주주의[민주주의/민주주이]  의의[의의/의이](意義)  협의[혀븨/혀비](協議)

此外，後置詞‘의’（意思是的）通常發成‘에’

 ex) 우리의[우리의/우리에]  강의의[강ː의의/강ː이에](講義의)

對於‘되어’, ‘피어’, ‘-이오’, 和‘아니오’，你可以新增/j/音，如下

 ex) 되어[되어/되여]  피어[피어/피여]  -이오[이오/이요]  아니오[아니오/아니요]

韻尾

一些韻尾子音（받침，batchim）的發音不同於它們作為首子音的發音。

在音節末尾，只有七種子音：ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, 和 ㅇ。

鼻音化

一般來說，阻礙音在鼻音之前會同化為鼻音，同時保持與之前相同的發音部位。在阻礙音之後的ㄹ也會受到影響。設‘k-stop’，‘t-stop’，‘p-stop’分別為以k, t, p音結尾的阻礙音。一般規則如下

• k-stop（ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄲ, ...）在‘ㄴ和ㅁ’之前變為ㅇ
• t-stop（ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ, ...）在‘ㄴ和ㅁ’之前變為ㄴ
• p-stop（ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅃ, ...）在‘ㄴ和ㅁ’之前變為ㅁ
• 在阻礙音之後的ㄹ變為ㄴ，並且上述規則適用。（對此，請參見下文。）

以下是一些示例

• k-stops + ㄴ 變為 ㅇㄴ

 ex) 격노(being incensed), pronounced [경노]
     학년 (grade, school/academic year, form, standard), prounounced [항년]
     닦는 (wiping, present participle form), pronounced [당는]
     긁는 (scratching, present participle form), pronounced [긍는]

• k-stops + ㅁ 變為 ㅇㅁ

 ex) 국물 (broth), pronounced [궁물]
     부엌문 (kitchen door), pronounced [부엉문]
     키읔만 ('ㅋ' only), pronounced [키응만]
     묵묵히 (silently), pronounced [뭉무키]

• t-stops + ㄴ 變為 ㄴㄴ

 ex) 닫는 (closing, present participle form), pronounced [단는]
     덧니 (snaggletooth), pronounced [던니]
     죽었니? (Is it dead?), pronounced [주건니]
     젖니 (baby tooth), pronounced [전니]
     벚나무 (cheery tree), pronounced [번나무]
     옻나무 (lacquer tree), pronounced [온나무]
     꽃나무 (a flower plane), pronounced [꼰나무]
     밭농사 (dry-field farming), pronounced [반농사]
     놓는 (putting down, participle form), pronounced [논는]
     밭일 (farming), pronounced [밭ㄴ일 -> 반닐] due to addition of 'ㄴ' sound
     밭이랑 (plowed rows), pronounced [밭ㄴ이랑 -> 반니랑] due to addition of 'ㄴ' sound
     But, 밭이랑 (a farm and) is pronounced [바치랑] since there is no addition of 'ㄴ' but a palatalization.

• t-stops + ㅁ 變為 ㄴㅁ

 ex) 맏며느리 (wife of one's eldest son), pronounced [만며느리]
     옷맵시 (line of cloth, style), pronounced [온맵씨]
     옻물 (lacquer sap), pronounced [온물]
     낯면 (the name of the hanja 面), pronounced [난면]
     낮말 (talking in the daytime), pronounced [난말]
     낱말 (a word), pronounced [난말]
     히읗만 (only 'ㅎ'), pronounced [히은만]

• p-stops + ㄴ 變為 ㅁㄴ

 ex) 굽는 (roasting, participle form), pronounced [굼는]
     줍는 (picking up, participle form), pronounced [줌는]
     밟는 (stepping on, participle form), pronounced [밤는] since 밟- is pronounced [밥:] (one of counterexamples of pronunciation of ㄼ)
     읊는 (reciting, participle form), pronounced [음는]

• p-stops + ㅁ 變為 ㅁㅁ

 ex) 업무 (duties), pronounced [엄무]
     엎는 (flipping, participle form), pronounced [엄는]
     덮는 (covering, participle form), pronounced [덤는]
     앞문 (front door), pronounced [암문]

送氣

• ㄱㅎ 變為 ㅋ

 ex) 북한 (North Korea), pronounced [부칸]
     익숙한 (familiar), pronounced [익쑤칸]
     착한 (good-natured), pronounced [차칸]
     악한 (evil), pronounced [아칸]
     긁힌 (be scratched), pronounced [글킨] (ㄹ remains)

• ㅎㄱ 變為 ㅋ

 ex) 하얗게 (whitely), pronounced [하야케]
     끊긴 (disconnected), pronounced [끈킨] (ㄴ remains)

• t-stops + ㅎ 變為 ㅌ（除了下一種情況）

 ex) 맏형 (the eldest brother), pronounced [마텽]
     굳해파리목 (Trachymedusae), pronounced [구태파리목]
     핫하다 (to be hot, popular), pronounced [하타다]
     숱하디숱하다 (plentiful, rich, so many), pronounced [수타디수타다]
     맞혼인 (a marriage with equal share of expenses between the two families, or a consensual marriage, 맞婚姻), pronounced [마토닌]
     꽂하늘소 (Leptura aethiops), pronounced [꼬타늘쏘]
     닻혀 (an anchor fluke), pronounced [다텨]
     몇 할 (what percentage, literally how many 'hal'(할, 割, 10%)), pronounced [며탈]

• 但是，t-stops + 히 變為 치，如果它涉及顎化（參見下文）

 ex) 맞히다 (guess right), pronounced [마치다]
     얹히다 (to be put on, or have indigestion), pronounced [언치다]
     잊히다 (to be forgotten), pronounced [이치다]
     닫혀 (being shut), pronounced [다쳐] (-혀 is a reduced form of -히어)

• ㅎㄷ 變為 ㅌ

 ex) 빨갛다 (to be red), pronounced [빨가타]

• ㅂㅎ 變為 ㅍ

 ex) 입학 (entrance), pronounced [이팍]
     넓히다 (to extend), pronounced [널피다]
     급하다 (in hurry), pronounced [그파다]

• ㅎㅈ 變為 ㅊ

 ex) 쌓지[싸치]  닳지[달치]  좋죠[조쵸]

• ㅎㅅ 變為 ㅆ

 ex) 않소[안쏘]  많소[만:쏘]  싫소[실쏘]

顎化

一些組合涉及顎化

• ㄷ이 變為 지，如果 이- 只有語法意義

 ex) 해돋이 (sunrise), pronounced [해도지]
     곧이듣다 (to take another´s words as truth), pronounced [고지듣따]

• ㅌ이 和 ‘t-stops + 히’ 變為 치，如果 히- 只有語法意義

 ex) 굳히다 (to harden), pronounced [구치다]
     받히다 (to be hit), pronounced [바치다]

與ㄹ相關的同化和變化

一些涉及複雜的同化/變化

• ㅁㄹ 變為 ㅁㄴ

 ex) 남루하다 (shabby, ragged), pronounced [남:누하다]
     담력 (courage, nerve; 膽力), pronounced  [담:녁]

• ㅇㄹ 變為 ㅇㄴ

 ex) 왕릉 (royal tomb, mausoleum), pronounced  [왕능]
     항로 (sea route), pronounced  [항:노]
     대통령 (president), pronounced  [대:통녕]

• ㄱㄹ 變為 ㅇㄴ（可以分為 ㄱㄹ -> ㄱㄴ -> ㅇㄴ）

 ex) 박람회 (expo), pronounced [방남회]

• ㅂㄹ 變為 ㅁㄴ（可以分為 ㅂㄹ -> ㅂㄴ -> ㅁㄴ）

 ex) 합리적 (rational), pronounced [함니적]

• ㄴㄹ 變為 ㄹㄹ（除了某些詞語）

 ex) 안락하다 (comfortable), pronounced [알라카다]
     난로 (heater, stove), pronounced [날:로]
     광한루 (Gwanghallu), pronounced [광할루]

例外是以下 11 個詞語

 의견란[의ː견난]  임진란[임ː진난]  생산량[생산냥]  결단력[결딴녁]
 공권력[공꿘녁]  동원령[동ː원녕]  상견례[상견녜]  횡단로[횡단노]
 이원론[이ː원논]  입원료[이붠뇨]  구근류[구근뉴]

連音

如果一個以首子音ㅇ開頭的音節（表示沒有聲音）是後置詞或字尾/詞尾，並且它位於末尾音節（받침，batchim）之後，如果沒有新增音節，那麼該末尾音節將原樣移動到ㅇ的位置。單子音和緊子音ㄲ, ㅆ整體移動，對於其他雙音節，例如ㄼ, ㄾ，只有第二個成分移動（但ㅅ變為ㅆ）。

對於第一種情況

 ex) 깎아[까까]  옷이[오시]  있어[이써]  낮이[나지]  꽂아[꼬자]
     꽃을[꼬츨]  쫓아[쪼차]  밭에[바테]  앞으로[아프로]  덮이다[더피다]
     부엌이[부어키]  낯을[나츨]  밭의[바틔/바테]  무릎에[무르페]  꺾어[꺼꺼]
     쫓을[쪼츨]  같은[가튼]  짚으면[지프면]  섞여[서껴]  높여[노펴]

另一種情況

 ex) 넋이[넉씨]  앉아[안자]  닭을[달글]  젊어[절머]  곬이[골씨]
     핥아[할타]  읊어[을퍼]  값을[갑쓸]  없어[업ː써]  닭이[달기]
     여덟을[여덜블]  삶에[살:메]  읽어[일거]  밟을[발블]  옮은[올믄]
     몫이[목씨]  넋을[넉쓸]  곬이[골씨]  외곬으로[외골쓰로]  값이[갑씨]
     값에[갑쎄]  없이[업ː씨]  없으면[업ː쓰면]

如果以ㅇ開頭的音節是語義上意義明確的詞語的第一個字，並且母音不是以/j/音開頭，那麼首先按照規則改變第一個音節，然後移動最後一個子音。

 ex) 밭 아래 (downward of a farm, 아래 is meaningful) [받 아래 -> 바다래]
     늪 앞 (front of a swamp, 앞 is meaningful) [늡 앞 -> 느밮 -> 느밥]
     젖어미 (a wet nurse, 어미 is meaningful) [젇 어미 -> 저더미]
     맛없다 (to taste awful, 없다 is meaningful) [맏 없다 -> 마덦다 -> 마덥따]
     꽃 위 (on a flower, 위 is meaningful) [꼳 위 -> 꼬뒤]

如果兩個詞語合併成一個詞語，第一個詞語以末尾子音結尾，第二個詞語以/j/音開頭，那麼在對每個詞語應用規則之後，在末尾新增ㄴ。

 ex) 솜-이불 (cotton blanket, 솜 + 이불), pronounced [솜ː니불]
     홑-이불 (bed sheet, 홑- + 이불), pronounced [혿-니불 -> 혼니불]
     막-일 (physical labor, 막- + 일), pronounced [막-닐 -> 망닐]
     삯-일 (job work, 삯 + 일), pronounced [삭-닐 -> 상닐]

更多沒有解釋的示例

 맨-입[맨닙]  꽃-잎[꼰닙]  내복-약[내ː봉냑]  한-여름[한녀름]  남존-여비[남존녀비]
 신-여성[신녀성]  색-연필[생년필]  직행-열차[지캥녈차]  늑막-염[능망념]  콩-엿[콩녇]
 담-요[담ː뇨]  눈-요기[눈뇨기]  영업-용[영엄뇽]  식용-유[시굥뉴]  백분-율[백뿐뉼]  밤-윷[밤ː뉻]

在這裡，添加了ㄴ的ㄹㄴ變為ㄹㄹ。

 ex) 들-일[들ː릴]  솔-잎[솔립]  설-익다[설릭따]  물-약[물략]  불-여우[불려우]
     서울-역[서울력]  물-엿[물렫]  휘발-유[휘발류]  유들-유들[유들류들]

某些許可權：您可以按照原樣閱讀，無需新增ㄴ，對於以下 5 個詞語

 이죽-이죽[이중니죽/이주기죽]  야금-야금[야금냐금/야그먀금]  검열[검ː녈/거ː멸]
 욜랑-욜랑[욜랑뇰랑/욜랑욜랑]  금융[금늉/그뮹]

例外：不要新增ㄴ，對於以下 4 個詞語

 6·25[유기오]  3·1절[사밀쩔]  송별-연[송ː벼련]  등-용문[등용문]

注意：如果不是兩個詞語合併成字典中的一個詞語的情況，則不要新增ㄴ。例如，

 ex) 물요? (You mean the water?), pronounced [무료] but not [물료](X)

簡要總結

在發音過程中，

母音

• ㅚ 和 ㅟ 可以是雙母音。
• /j/ 在 ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ 之後應該被刪除。
• ㅖ 在首子音（既不是 ㅇ 也不是 ㄹ）之後可以是 ㅔ。
• ㅢ 在首子音（不是 ㅇ）之後應該是 ㅣ。
  • 如果由移動子音組成的首子音之後的 ㅢ，則主要按照原樣發音，也可以發成 ㅣ。
• 作為詞語中非第一個字的 의 可以是 이。
• 作為後置詞的 의，意思是“的”，可以發成 에。

子音

• 只有 7 個子音可以作為末尾子音，batchim：ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ。
• 在詞語末尾，
  • ㄲ, ㅋ, ㄳ, ㄺ 變為 ㄱ (k-stop)
  • ㄵ, ㄶ 變為 ㄴ
  • ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ 變為 ㄷ (t-stop)
  • ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㅀ 變為 ㄹ（除了 밟-, 넓죽하다, 和 넓둥글다）
  • ㄻ 變為 ㅁ
  • ㄿ, ㅄ, ㅍ 變為 ㅂ (p-stop)
• 鼻音化：（k-stop, t-stop, p-stop）+（ㄴ 或 ㅁ）變為（ㅇ, ㄴ, ㅁ）
• 送氣
  • k-stop + ㅎ 變為 ㅋ
  • t-stop + ㅎ 變為 ㅌ
    • t-stop + 히（沒有語義意義）由於顎化變為 치
  • p-stop + ㅎ 變為 ㅍ
• 顎化：（ㄷ, ㅌ）+ 無意義的（이, 히）變為 지（ㄷ이）或 치（其他情況）
• 同化/變化：ㄹ 在非 ㄴ/ㄹ 的 batchim 之後變為 ㄴ，並且 ㄴㄹ 和 ㄹㄴ 變為 ㄹㄹ，除了某些詞語
• 連音：基本上將 batchim 移動到下一個 ㅇ，除了
  • ㅅ 變為 ㅆ。
  • 合併有意義的詞語會導致 batchim 移動延遲或新增 ㄴ。
• 緊音
  • ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ 在阻礙音之後變為 ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ
  • ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ 在詞幹的 batchim 之後變為 ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅆ, ㅉ，其中 batchim 是 ㄴ(ㄵ), ㅁ(ㄻ), ㄼ, ㄾ 之一
  • 在漢語藉詞中，ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ 在 ㄹ 之後變為 ㄸ, ㅆ, ㅉ（除了重疊詞）
  • 一些詞語中的 -ㄹ 在詞幹之後使後面的 ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ 變為緊音
  • 如果兩個詞合併，第一個詞修飾第二個詞，並且在發音時應該有一些延遲，那麼第二個詞的第一個ㄱ，ㄷ，ㅂ，ㅅ，ㅈ就會變得緊張。