加拿大難民程式/權利和自由憲章

權利和自由憲章

以下是適用於難民程式的加拿大權利和自由憲章的選定條款

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Whereas Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law:

IRB 的部門有權決定與權利和自由憲章相關的事項

IRB 的部門被賦予了決定法律問題的權力，因此有權解決與他們面前的適當事項密不可分相關的憲法問題。 參見：加拿大難民程式/RPD 規則 66 - 憲法問題通知。

Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.

Fundamental Freedoms
2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; 
(c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and
(d) freedom of association.

第 6 條：流動權

Mobility Rights
6.(1) Every citizen of Canada has the right to enter, remain in and leave Canada.
(2) Every citizen of Canada and every person who has the status of a permanent resident of Canada has the right
 (a) to move to and take up residence in any province; and
 (b) to pursue the gaining of a livelihood in any province.
(3) The rights specified in subsection (2) are subject to
 (a) any laws or practices of general application in force in a province other than those that discriminate among persons primarily on the basis of province of present or previous residence; and
 (b) any laws providing for reasonable residency requirements as a qualification for the receipt of publicly provided social services.
(4) Subsections (2) and (3) do not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration in a province of conditions of individuals in that province who are socially or economically disadvantaged if the rate of employment in that province is below the rate of employment in Canada.

第 7 條：法律權利，包括生命、自由和人身安全

Legal Rights
7. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.

驅逐非公民本身並不侵犯自由或人身安全權

驅逐非公民本身並不侵犯憲章第 7 條保障的自由權，因為該條保障的自由並不包括“無論法律如何，在任何地方的自由”。 當考慮人身安全時，答案也是一樣的，正如加拿大最高法院在《梅多瓦斯基訴加拿大》案中裁定：“移民法的最基本原則是，非公民沒有無條件的權利進入或留在加拿大……[並且]……驅逐非公民本身不會牽涉到《加拿大權利和自由憲章》第 7 條保護的自由和安全利益”。 當然，當個人預料到返回原籍國後會受到虐待時，答案可能會有所不同。

驅逐加拿大出生子女的父母不會違反子女的第 7 條權利

聯邦上訴法院在《朗納訴加拿大》案中裁定，“驅逐加拿大出生子女的父母不會違反父母或子女的第 7 條權利”。之所以如此，是因為父母與子女分離是由於父母決定在被遣返加拿大時不帶子女一起離開。

個人在 RPD 或 RAD 聽證時不面臨驅逐

有時，申請人辯稱，部門的決定違反了《憲章》第 7 條，因為他們在返回原籍國後，對酷刑或不人道或有辱人格的待遇懷有真正和合理的恐懼。正如聯邦法院在《辛格訴加拿大》案中裁定，RPD 或 RAD 面前的個人目前不面臨驅逐，因此他們關於驅逐將違反《憲章》的論點為時過早。 此類論點最好在以後的訴訟階段提出，在該階段，他們可以申請暫停驅逐。

這一原則同樣適用於難民制度中的排除和不可接受。正如聯邦上訴法院所言，由於排除或不可接受的認定不涉及第 7 條，因此必然得出結論，第 7 條不因拒絕第 96 條風險評估而受到影響。 非公民在法律上無權“根據普通法或加拿大已加入的任何國際公約被認定為政治難民”。

人身自由權涉及《難民公約》中的行動自由權

《加拿大權利和自由憲章》第 7 條規定，每個人都有權享有自由。《難民公約》第 31(1) 條規定，“締約國不得因非法入境或滯留而對難民處以處罰，這些難民直接來自其生命或自由受到《第 1 條》意義上的威脅的領土，在未經授權的情況下進入或留在其領土內，前提是他們應立即向當局申報，並說明他們非法入境或滯留的正當理由”。《難民公約》然後保護此類難民免受行動自由限制，“除必要限制外”，並且僅限於“直至其在該國的身份合法化或獲得進入另一國的許可”。

第 8 條：不合理搜查或扣押

8. Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure.

邊境搜查

許多難民申訴是在入境口岸提出的，在這種情況下，加拿大邊境服務局官員可能會在某些情況下搜查其本人或其物品。加拿大最高法院裁定，根據《海關法》進行的例行搜查，例如行李搜查，不需要合理理由，與《憲章》第 8 條一致。更具侵入性的搜查，例如脫衣搜查，需要合理理由：R v Simmons。 《海關法》不能被解讀為允許在例行邊境檢查期間對電子裝置進行廣泛的、無懷疑的搜查，因為對裝置進行無限的、無懷疑的搜查將違反《憲章》。 同樣，雖然《IRPA》的某些條款授權在個人提出難民申訴時進行搜查，但僅為了尋找犯罪行為而進行的搜查是不允許的。 另請參見：加拿大難民程式/140 - 扣押.

第 9 條：任意拘留或監禁

9. Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned.

第 10 條：逮捕或拘留時的權利

10. Everyone has the right on arrest or detention
(a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefor;
(b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right; and
(c) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful.

每個人在被捕或拘留時，都有權立即聘請和諮詢律師，並被告知該權利

參見：加拿大難民程式/RPD 規則 14-16 - 代理律師#加拿大權利和自由憲章.

第 12 條：殘酷和不人道待遇或處罰

12. Everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.

個人在 RPD 或 RAD 聽證時不面臨驅逐

有時上訴人會爭辯說，不接受他們的申訴意味著RPD或RAD的決定違反了《憲章》第 12 條。 有關此類論點如何得到處理的詳細資訊，請參見：加拿大難民程式/權利和自由憲章#個人在部門審理之前沒有面臨驅逐出境.

第 13 條：自證其罪

13. A witness who testifies in any proceedings has the right not to have any incriminating evidence so given used to incriminate that witness in any other proceedings, except in a prosecution for perjury or for the giving of contradictory evidence.

第 14 條：獲得口譯員幫助的權利

14. A party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter.

評論

有關評論，請參見以下有關《憲章》第 14 條和第 16-22 條的章節。

第 15 條：平等權利

Equality Rights
15.(1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
(2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.

通常是當事方，而不是仲裁庭，有責任提出《憲章》第 15 條問題

聯邦上訴法院已提醒說，行政仲裁庭不應主動提出新的《憲章》第 15 條問題。

第 15 條理由和《IRPA》條款的合憲性

針對《IRPA》的特定條款提出了許多第 15 條挑戰。其中一項挑戰目標是《IRPA》中限制上訴範圍的條款，這些條款僅適用於根據《安全第三國協議》的豁免條款進入加拿大的那些人。在 Rodriguez訴加拿大案中，法院裁定，申請人並未證明，難民申請人進入加拿大的旅行選擇是不可改變的個人特徵，或者是在《第 15 條》含義上構成歷史偏見或刻板印象的基礎。 參見：加拿大難民程式/110-111 - 難民上訴部門上訴#110(2)(d)：根據《安全第三國協議》的例外情況獲准提出難民申訴的申請人不得上訴.

驅逐永久居民不構成基於國籍的第 15 條違反

在加拿大訴齊亞雷利案中，索平卡法官裁定，驅逐永久居民不構成基於國籍的第 15 條的違反。

第 14 條和第 16-22 條：加拿大的官方語言

14. A party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter.

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Official Languages of Canada
16.(1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.
(2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick.
(3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of Parliament or a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English and French.
16.1(1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities.
(2) The role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed.

17.(1) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates and other proceedings of Parliament.
(2) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates and other proceedings of the legislature of New Brunswick.

18.(1) The statutes, records and journals of Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.
(2) The statutes, records and journals of the legislature of New Brunswick shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.

19.(1) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court established by Parliament.
(2) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court of New Brunswick.

20.(1) Any member of the public in Canada has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any head or central office of an institution of the Parliament or government of Canada in English or French, and has the same right with respect to any other office of any such institution where
(a) there is a significant demand for communications with and services from that office in such language; or
(b) due to the nature of the office, it is reasonable that communications with and services from that office be available in both English and French.
(2) Any member of the public in New Brunswick has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any office of an institution of the legislature or government of New Brunswick in English or French.

21. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any right, privilege or obligation with respect to the English and French languages, or either of them, that exists or is continued by virtue of any other provision of the Constitution of Canada.

22. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any legal or customary right or privilege acquired or enjoyed either before or after the coming into force of this Charter with respect to any language that is not English or French.

RPD 規則關於程式語言、口譯員和檔案語言

有關這些條款的討論，請參閱 RPD 規則 17 和 18 的評論，它們涉及程式語言（加拿大難民程式/程式語言）、RPD 規則 19，它涉及口譯員（加拿大難民程式/口譯員），以及 RPD 規則 32，它涉及檔案語言（加拿大難民程式/檔案#RPD 規則 32 - 檔案語言），以及 RPD 規則 67 和本評論關於決定語言（加拿大難民程式/決定#決定理由以何種語言或語言提供，以便公開發布？）。

第 24 條：執行

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Enforcement
24.(1) Anyone whose rights or freedoms, as guaranteed by this Charter, have been infringed or denied may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction to obtain such remedy as the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances.
(2) Where, in proceedings under subsection (1), a court concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed or denied any rights or freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, the evidence shall be excluded if it is established that, having regard to all the circumstances, the admission of it in the proceedings would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

General
25. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
(a) any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and
(b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.
26. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed as denying the existence of any other rights or freedoms that exist in Canada.
27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.
28. Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.
29. Nothing in this Charter abrogates or derogates from any rights or privileges guaranteed by or under the Constitution of Canada in respect of denominational, separate or dissentient schools.
30. A reference in this Charter to a province or to the legislative assembly or legislature of a province shall be deemed to include a reference to the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, or to the appropriate legislative authority thereof, as the case may be.
31. Nothing in this Charter extends the legislative powers of any body or authority.

Application of Charter
32.(1) This Charter applies
(a) to the Parliament and government of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories; and
(b) to the legislature and government of each province in respect of all matters within the authority of the legislature of each province.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), section 15 shall not have effect until three years after this section comes into force.
33.(1) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter.
(2) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the declaration.
(3) A declaration made under subsection (1) shall cease to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as may be specified in the declaration.
(4) Parliament or a legislature of a province may re-enact a declaration made under subsection (1).
(5) Subsection (3) applies in respect of a re-enactment made under subsection (4).

Citation
34. This Part may be cited as the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.