童軍/BSA/考古學功章

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年輕的考古學傢俱樂部在探險

要求 1

說明什麼是考古學，並解釋它與人類學、地質學、古生物學、尋寶和歷史的不同之處。

 Archaeology is the study of past human life by examining buildings and objects found in the ground; geology is the science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth; anthropology is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind; paleontology is the science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils; treasure hunting is seeking relics of history for the sake of finding them rather than scientific goals or pursuit of knowledge; history is the branch of knowledge dealing with past events.

要求 2

描述考古學過程的每個步驟：遺址定位、研究設計開發、歷史研究、遺址發掘、文物識別和鑑定、解釋、保護和資訊共享。

 Site location: First, the archaeologists try to locate sites. There are many ways to find sites. Archaeologists can locate sites by looking for places where there is a possibility that ancient cultures might have survived. A likely idea is near a river, but not close enough for houses to be affected by floods. An unlikely idea is in the center of a desert, far way from a source of water. Some sites are found before a construction. Before a building construction, archaeologists are informed of the building. If they find artifacts, construction plans might have to be changed. Construction might also be delayed. Site excavation: 2nd, before the excavation the archaeologists separate the field into several areas. After that, they begin to protect the site. They forbid access to other people. At the end, they begin to excavate. Artifact identification and examination: The assistance of specialists and the recourse to laboratories often are essential to date to determine materials or organizations, to study the human remainders. Interpretation: After the study of the new data, the researcher proposes several assumptions on the object find. This aspect determining of research often calls upon a gathering of specialized knowledge joined together in data bases. Preservation: the preservation is of course out of question of preserving all the sites concealing of the vestiges.  It’s imperative to preserve the sites major and necessary to study the others before any destruction.  It is also advisable to ensure the conservation of the vestiges put at the day:  they are intended to enter public collections (museums), where they are then accessible to the researchers. Information sharing: The diffusion of the results of the excavations and the archaeological studies constitutes an essential stage of the work of the archaeologist.  The ministry for the Culture and the Communication took this route by the means of a policy of edition and exposures in order to sensitize the public with archaeological research. The regional services of archaeology publish each year a regional scientific assessment.

要求 3

描述至少兩種考古學家用來確定遺址、結構或文物的年代的方法。解釋什麼是相對年代測定。

 1) The dating with carbon-14 is a method of measurement of the age of an organic subtance (time passed since the death).  The absolute age limits which can be measured is approximately 50 000 years.  The dating with the carbon-14 is a powerful tool thanks to which them archaeologists dates from the events before indatable, in particular those which are old of more than 6000 years (prehistoric). 2)the archaeologists can date object with the style. For example in Greece, people black , background red (-620 ; -530) and people red, background black (from -530).

要求 4

完成以下兩個操作

A. 瞭解三個位於美國以外的考古遺址。

B. 瞭解三個位於美國的考古遺址。

C. 參觀一個考古遺址並瞭解它。

對於每個您為選項 a、b 或 c 研究的遺址，在地圖上指出它並解釋它是如何被發現的。描述在每個遺址發現的一些關於過去的資訊。解釋從研究這些遺址獲得的資訊如何回答考古學家提出的問題以及這些資訊對現代人有何重要意義。比較您研究的遺址的相對年代。

要求 5

從您在要求 4 中選擇的遺址中選擇一個，並向童軍小隊、您的童軍團隊、您的學校班級或其他團體簡要介紹您的發現。

要求 6

完成以下操作

A. 解釋為什麼保護考古遺址很重要。

 It is important to protect archaeological sites. The archaeological sites are unique. Many of the sites are broken. They need protection. The sites have been made by our ancestors. It’s important to protect these sites.

B. 解釋人們如果認為他們發現了文物應該怎麼做。

 When a person finds old objects, he must call to the City Hall. The City Hall can call to an archaeologist. Many sites are found during a construction of a road, buildings, landscaping, etc... All states have laws to protect sites.

C. 描述您可以成為過去守護者的方式。

 To protect archaeological sites, you must obey the law of protection of archaeological objects. don’t do excavation alone

要求 7

完成以下一個操作

A. 列出您將在時間膠囊中放入的物品。與您的功章輔導員討論，一千年的考古學家可能會從您的膠囊內容中瞭解到關於您和您所處的文化的哪些資訊。

 Archaeologists will understand what the world was like with the photos, the map, and the books. They will understand what some people of the world think with the religious text.
 * photos of all the world
 * Bible and other religious texts
 * current map of the world

B. 列出您家人在一週內扔掉的垃圾。與您的輔導員討論，如果他們在一千年後發現您的垃圾，考古學家可能會了解到關於您和您家人的哪些資訊。

要求 8

完成以下一個操作

A. 在合格考古學家的監督下，花費至少 8 個小時幫助挖掘考古遺址。

B. 在合格考古學家的監督下，花費至少 8 個小時在考古實驗室幫助準備文物以供分析、儲存或展示。

C. 如果您無法在合格考古學家的監督下在實地或實驗室工作，您可以用模擬挖掘代替。要了解如何進行模擬挖掘，與專業考古學家、受過培訓的業餘考古學家、博物館學校教師、初中或高中科學教師、當地考古學會的顧問或其他合格的教師交談。計劃您將埋在人工遺址中的物品，以顯示在兩個時間段內使用您的“遺址”。

要求 9

在合格考古學家或教師的監督下，完成以下一個操作

A. 幫助準備考古展品，在博物館、遊客中心、學校或其他公共場所展出。

B. 使用實驗考古學的方法，重新制作一件物品或練習一項過去的技能。撰寫一份簡短的報告，解釋實驗及其結果。

要求 10

完成以下一個操作

A. 研究居住或曾經居住在您所在地區的美國印第安人。瞭解傳統生活方式、住所、服裝風格、藝術和手工藝品以及食物收集、準備和儲存方法。描述您期望在這些人的考古遺址中發現什麼。

B. 研究至少一百年前居住在您所在地區的定居者或士兵。瞭解早期定居者、農民、牧場主、士兵或城鎮居民曾經居住在您現在的社群所在地區的房屋或堡壘、生活方式、服裝風格、藝術和手工藝品以及飲食習慣。描述您期望在這些人的考古遺址中發現什麼。

要求 11

確定考古學中的三種職業機會。選擇一個並解釋如何為這樣的職業做準備。與您的輔導員討論所需的教育和培訓，並解釋為什麼您可能對這個職業感興趣。

 Egyptologist studies old Egypt. An archaeologist need to work Latin and Greek. He goes an archaeologist's school and to choose option Egyptologist.
 Archaeologist under water: Sub-aqueous archaeology is research and the study of the vestiges in order to know the human activities of last and is practiced in interior water: artificial often closed:  wells, cisterns, underground conduits drowned, natural:  lakes, rivers, ponds, peat bogs, marshes, karst, and ground water. The aquatic environment is very favorable to archaeology: water protects from the destructive human actions, the organic and mineral elements safe from oxygen, the light and the biological organizations are preserved often perfectly. A archaeologist under water need do a  school of archaeology an to practice swimming under water.
 Restorer restores objects like ceramic and glass found in an archaeological excavation. They need to do history of art and after to work in “conservation and restoration of the object”

外部連結

• 考古學功章，包含工作簿 PDF、最新要求和資源。